In situ UV-laser-induced forward transfer of carbon nanosphere/graphene composites on siloxane-polyurethane substrates for human health monitoring
Source abstract
Abstract
In this study, we developed UV-laser-induced carbon nanosphere/graphene (UV-LICNG) composites using a single-step ablation technique. This method employs UV-laser-induced forward transfer (UV-LIFT) to directly fabricate line-patterned UV-LICNG composites on silane-terminated polyurethane (S-PU) substrates with excellent mechanical properties. The unique structure of UV-LICNG, comprising conjugated carbon nanospheres and graphene with a large surface area, enables outstanding strain and humidity sensing performance. Owing to a separation-based sensing mechanism, the UV-LICNG-based strain sensor exhibits highly sensitive strain detection in the low-strain regime, achieving a high gauge factor (GF ≈ 146.5 within the 0–2% strain range), along with excellent linearity (R² ≈ 0.9906), rapid response and recovery times (29 ms and 31 ms, respectively), and exceptional durability over 3,000 stretching cycles at 0.2% strain. These attributes enable precise detection of subtle human motions and vocalization-induced strain signals. In addition, the intrinsic nano–micro porous graphitic structure of UV-LICNG imparts excellent humidity-sensing performance, characterized by fast response and recovery times (4.2 and 4.8 s, respectively), thereby facilitating reliable respiration monitoring and non-contact skin humidity sensing. The combined strain and humidity sensing capabilities, together with the simplicity and scalability of the UV-LIFT process, highlight the strong potential of UV-LICNG-based wearable electronics for continuous human health monitoring and multifunctional wearable sensing applications.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials · Thermoregulation and physiological responses · Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (95)
Show source-provided references
1. Lim HR, Kim HS, Qazi R et al (2020) Advanced soft materials, sensor integrations, and applications of wearable flexible hybrid electronics in healthcare, energy, and environment. Adv Mater 32:1901924. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20190192410.1002/adma.201901924 ↗
2. Banitaba SN, Khademolqorani S, Jadhav VV et al (2023) Recent progress of bio-based smart wearable sensors for healthcare applications. Mater Today Electron 5:100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtelec.2023.10005510.1016/j.mtelec.2023.100055 ↗
3. Dong W, Chen X (2025) Research progress of wearable electrochemical biosensors based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for sweat detection. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-00XXX. 8:Article number10.1007/s42114-024-00XXX ↗
4. Kim J, Lee J, Son D et al (2016) Deformable devices with integrated functional nanomaterials for wearable electronics. Nano Converg 3:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40580-016-0068-310.1186/s40580-016-0068-3 ↗
5. Zhu J, Liu X, Shi Q et al (2020) Development trends and perspectives of future sensors and MEMS/NEMS. Micromachines 11(1):7. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi1101000710.3390/mi11010007 ↗
6. Jayathilaka WADM, Qi K, Qin Y et al (2019) Significance of nanomaterials in wearables: a review on wearable actuators and sensors. Adv Mater 31(7):1805921. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20180592110.1002/adma.201805921 ↗
7. Saeedi F, Ansari R, Haghgoo M (2025) Recent advances of graphene-based wearable sensors: synthesis, fabrication, performance, and application in smart device. Adv Mater Interfaces 12(2):2400736. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.20240073610.1002/admi.202400736 ↗
8. Zeng T, Wu Y, Lei M (2024) Review: developments and challenges of advanced flexible electronic materials for medical monitoring applications. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 7:67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-023-00667-010.1007/s42114-023-00667-0 ↗
9. Erdem Ö, Derin E, Zeibi Shirejini S et al (2022) Carbon-based nanomaterials and sensing tools for wearable health monitoring devices. Adv Mater Technol 7(9):2200010. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.20220001010.1002/admt.202200010 ↗
10. Bo X, Guo L (2013) Simple synthesis of macroporous carbon-graphene composites and their use as a support for Pt electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 90:283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.00510.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.005 ↗
11. Wang L, Sun L, Tian C et al (2012) A novel soft template strategy to fabricate mesoporous carbon-graphene composites as high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. RSC Adv 2:8359–8367. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20845h10.1039/c2ra20845h ↗
12. Hu Y, Huang T, Zhang H et al (2021) Ultrasensitive and wearable carbon hybrid fiber devices as robust intelligent sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:23905–23914. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c0361510.1021/acsami.1c03615 ↗
13. Wang MX, Liu Q, Sun HF et al (2012) Preparation of high-surface-area carbon nanoparticle-graphene composites. Carbon 50:3845–3853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.04.02610.1016/j.carbon.2012.04.026 ↗
14. Ye R, James DK, Tour JM (2019) Laser-induced graphene: from discovery to translation. Adv Mater 31(1):1803621. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20180362110.1002/adma.201803621 ↗
15. Ye R, James DK, Tour JM (2018) Laser-induced graphene. Acc Chem Res 51:1609–1620. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b0008410.1021/acs.accounts.8b00084 ↗
16. Zhu J, Huang X, Song W (2021) Physical and chemical sensors on the basis of laser-induced graphene: mechanisms, applications, and perspectives. ACS Nano 15:18708–18741. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c0739110.1021/acsnano.1c07391 ↗
17. Wang H, Wang H, Wang Y et al (2020) Laser writing of Janus graphene/Kevlar textile for intelligent protective clothing. ACS Nano 14:3219–3226. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.9b0863810.1021/acsnano.9b08638 ↗
18. Lu Y, Yang G, Wang S et al (2024) Stretchable graphene–hydrogel interfaces for wearable and implantable bioelectronics. Nat Electron 7:51–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41928-023-01091-y10.1038/s41928-023-01091-y ↗
19. Wang M, Yang Y, Min J et al (2022) A wearable electrochemical biosensor for the monitoring of metabolites and nutrients. Nat Biomed Eng 6:1225–1235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-022-00916-z10.1038/s41551-022-00916-z ↗
20. Rathod S, Snowdon M, Tino MP, Peng P (2024) Laser writing of metal-oxide doped graphene films for tunable sensor applications. Nanoscale Adv 7:766–783. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4na00463a10.1039/d4na00463a ↗
21. Asaduzzaman M, Faruk O, Samad AA et al (2024) A MOFs-derived hydroxyl-functionalized hybrid nanoporous carbon incorporated laser-scribed graphene-based multimodal skin patch for perspiration analysis and electrocardiogram monitoring. Adv Funct Mater 34:2405651. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20240565110.1002/adfm.202405651 ↗
22. Lee DH, Miyashita T, Xuan Y, Takei K (2024) Ultrasensitive and stretchable strain sensors based on laser-induced graphene with ZnO nanoparticles. ACS Nano 18:32255–32265. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c1315610.1021/acsnano.4c13156 ↗
23. Li D, Shao Y, Zhang Q et al (2021) A flexible virtual sensor array based on laser-induced graphene and MXene for detecting volatile organic compounds in human breath. Analyst 146:5704–5713. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1an01059j10.1039/d1an01059j ↗
24. Peng Z, Ye R, Mann JA et al (2015) Flexible boron-doped laser-induced graphene microsupercapacitors. ACS Nano 9:5868–5875. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b0043610.1021/acsnano.5b00436 ↗
25. Lavania S, Aljaafari A, Dhiman G et al (2026) Fabrication of nitrogen-doped laser-induced graphene-based electrodes: Evaluation of electrochemical energy storage performance of symmetric supercapacitor devices. J Phys Chem Solids 209:113296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2025.11329610.1016/j.jpcs.2025.113296 ↗
26. Liang A, Liu W, Cui Y et al (2025) A pressure sensor made of laser-induced graphene@carbon ink in a waste sponge substrate using a novel and simple fabricaing process for health monitoring. Sens Biosens Res 47:100730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.10073010.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100730 ↗
27. Yu H, Yin K, Wang L et al (2025) Candle soot nanoparticles covered femtosecond laser-induced graphene toward multifunctional wooden houses. Carbon 233:119853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.11985310.1016/j.carbon.2024.119853 ↗
28. Thamaraiselvan C, Wang J, James DK et al (2020) Laser-induced graphene and carbon nanotubes as conductive carbon-based materials in environmental technology. Mater Today 34:115–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2019.11.00810.1016/j.mattod.2019.11.008 ↗
29. Delaporte P, Alloncle AP (2016) Laser-induced forward transfer: a high resolution additive manufacturing technology. Opt Laser Technol 78:33–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2015.09.02210.1016/j.optlastec.2015.09.022 ↗
30. Serra P, Piqué A (2019) Laser-induced forward transfer: fundamentals and applications. Adv Mater Technol 4(1):1800099. https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.20180009910.1002/admt.201800099 ↗
31. Rodriguez RD, Fatkullin M, Garcia A et al (2022) Laser-engineered multifunctional graphene–glass electronics. Adv Mater 34:2206877. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20220687710.1002/adma.202206877 ↗
32. Lee JU, Park SY, Lee K et al (2024) Laser micro/nano structuring of three-dimensional porous gradient graphene: advanced heater for antibacterial surfaces and ion-selective electrode for sweat sensing. Carbon 230:119611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2024.11961110.1016/j.carbon.2024.119611 ↗
33. Lee JU, Ma YW, Jeong SY, Shin BS (2020) Direct fabrication of ultra-sensitive humidity sensor based on hair-like laser-induced graphene patterns. Micromachines 11(5):476. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi1105047610.3390/mi11050476 ↗
34. Uzoma PC, Liu F, Xu L et al (2019) Superhydrophobicity, conductivity and anticorrosion of robust siloxane-acrylic coatings modified with graphene nanosheets. Prog Org Coat 127:239–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.11.01810.1016/j.porgcoat.2018.11.018 ↗
35. Harb SV, Pulcinelli SH, Santilli CV et al (2016) A comparative study on graphene oxide and carbon nanotube reinforcement of PMMA-siloxane-silica anticorrosive coatings. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 8:16339–16350. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b0478010.1021/acsami.6b04780 ↗
36. He L, Wang D, Ma T et al (2023) Processing and properties of a graphene-reinforced superhydrophobic siloxane. Mater Des 229:111856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2023.11185610.1016/j.matdes.2023.111856 ↗
37. Yang D, Yang S, Jiang Z et al (2015) Polydimethyl siloxane-graphene nanosheets hybrid membranes with enhanced pervaporative desulfurization performance. J Memb Sci 487:152–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.06810.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.068 ↗
38. Li JT, Wyss KM, Chen W et al (2023) Laser-induced glassy carbon nanofiber trees. Carbon 215:118494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2023.11849410.1016/j.carbon.2023.118494 ↗
39. Wang W, Lu L, Li Z et al (2022) Fingerprint-inspired strain sensor with balanced sensitivity and strain range using laser-induced graphene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 14:1315–1325. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c1664610.1021/acsami.1c16646 ↗
40. Yang L, Chen X, Dutta A et al (2025) Thermoelectric porous laser-induced graphene-based strain-temperature decoupling and self-powered sensing. Nat Commun 16:55790. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55790-x10.1038/s41467-024-55790-x ↗
41. Tang L, Zhou J, Zhang D, Sheng B (2023) Laser-induced graphene electrodes on poly(ether-ether-ketone)/PDMS composite films for flexible strain and humidity sensors. ACS Appl Nano Mater 6:17802–17813. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c0302610.1021/acsanm.3c03026 ↗
42. Wang H, Zhao Z, Liu P, Guo X (2021) Laser-induced porous graphene on polyimide/PDMS composites and its kirigami-inspired strain sensor. Theor Appl Mech Lett 11:100240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taml.2021.10024010.1016/j.taml.2021.100240 ↗
43. Kong JH, Jang NS, Kim SH, Kim JM (2014) Simple and rapid micropatterning of conductive carbon composites and its application to elastic strain sensors. Carbon 77:199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.02210.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.022 ↗
44. Bahrami S, Solouk A, Mirzadeh H, Seifalian AM (2019) Electroconductive polyurethane/graphene nanocomposite for biomedical applications. Compos B Eng 168:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.03.04410.1016/j.compositesb.2019.03.044 ↗
45. Jing Q, Liu W, Pan Y et al (2015) Chemical functionalization of graphene oxide for improving mechanical and thermal properties of polyurethane composites. Mater Des 85:808–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.10110.1016/j.matdes.2015.07.101 ↗
46. Yan T, Wang Z, Wang YQ, Pan ZJ (2018) Carbon/graphene composite nanofiber yarns for highly sensitive strain sensors. Mater Des 143:214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.02.00610.1016/j.matdes.2018.02.006 ↗
47. Beniwal A, Ganguly P, Aliyana AK et al (2023) Screen-printed graphene-carbon ink based disposable humidity sensor with wireless communication. Sens Actuators B Chem 374:132731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2022.13273110.1016/j.snb.2022.132731 ↗
48. Zhang X, Xiang D, Zhu W et al (2020) Flexible and high-performance piezoresistive strain sensors based on carbon nanoparticles@polyurethane sponges. Compos Sci Technol 200:108437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.10843710.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108437 ↗
49. Li C, Yang S, Guo Y et al (2021) Flexible, multi-functional sensor based on all-carbon sensing medium with low coupling for ultrahigh-performance strain, temperature and humidity sensing. Chem Eng J 426:130364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.13036410.1016/j.cej.2021.130364 ↗
50. Aguiar R, Miller RE, Petel OE (2021) Microstructural evidence of the toughening mechanisms of polyurethane reinforced with halloysite nanotubes under high strain-rate tensile loading. Sci Rep 11:92663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92663-510.1038/s41598-021-92663-5 ↗
51. Aguiar R, Petel OE, Miller RE (2022) Effect of a halloysite-polyurethane nanocomposite interlayer on the ballistic performance of laminate transparent armour. Compos Part C Open Access 7:100231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2022.10023110.1016/j.jcomc.2022.100231 ↗
52. Zhang T, Wu C, Rong Y et al (2022) Laser ablation behavior and mechanism of polyimide by UV irradiation. Mater Manuf Process 37:809–815. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2021.200150510.1080/10426914.2021.2001505 ↗
53. Johansson KO, Head-Gordon MP, Schrader PE et al (2018) Resonance-stabilized hydrocarbon-radical chain reactions may explain soot inception and growth. Science 361:997–1001. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat341710.1126/science.aat3417 ↗
54. Mercier X, Bourgalais J, Faccinetto A et al (2025) Direct observation and identification of resonance-stabilized radicals in a sooting flame. Commun Chem 8:1689. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-025-01689-710.1038/s42004-025-01689-7 ↗
55. Thomson M, Mitra T (2018) A radical approach to soot formation. Science 361:978–979. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau594110.1126/science.aau5941 ↗
56. Koehler JM, Visaveliya N, Knauer A (2014) Controlling formation and assembling of nanoparticles by control of electrical charging, polarization, and electrochemical potential. Nanotechnol Rev 3:553–568. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2014-000610.1515/ntrev-2014-0006 ↗
57. Bayda S, Hadla M, Palazzolo S et al (2017) Bottom-up synthesis of carbon nanoparticles with higher doxorubicin efficacy. J Control Release 248:144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.02210.1016/j.jconrel.2017.01.022 ↗
58. Trung TQ, Duy LT, Ramasundaram S, Lee NE (2017) Transparent, stretchable, and rapid-response humidity sensor for body-attachable wearable electronics. Nano Res 10:2021–2033. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-016-1389-y10.1007/s12274-016-1389-y ↗
59. Saxena S, Tyson TA, Shukla S et al (2011) Investigation of structural and electronic properties of graphene oxide. Appl Phys Lett 99:013104. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.360730510.1063/1.3607305 ↗
60. Lee JU, Lee CW, Cho SC, Shin BS (2021) Laser-induced graphene heater pad for de-icing. Nanomaterials 11(11):3093. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano1111309310.3390/nano11113093 ↗
61. Lee JU, Ma YW, Jeong SY, Shin BS (2020) Fabrication of UV laser-induced porous graphene patterns with nanospheres and their optical and electrical characteristics. Materials 13(18):3930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1318393010.3390/ma13183930 ↗
62. Hayashi K, Fushimi N, Kataoka M et al (2023) Graphene delamination from chemical vapor deposited turbostratic multilayer graphene for TEM analysis. Nanotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac9ec510.1088/1361-6528/ac9ec5 ↗
63. Bhorkar K, Samartzis N, Athanasiou M et al (2022) Laser-assisted explosive synthesis and transfer of turbostratic graphene-related materials for energy conversion applications. NPJ 2D Mater Appl 6:31. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-022-00331-710.1038/s41699-022-00331-7 ↗
64. Lee JU, Kang BS, Ma YW et al (2025) Integration of Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles on high surface UV-laser-induced graphene for enhanced photodegradation, de-icing, and anti-bacterial surface applications. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 12:459–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-024-00653-510.1007/s40684-024-00653-5 ↗
65. Gu H, Liu C, Zhu J et al (2018) Introducing advanced composites and hybrid materials. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 1:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-017-0017-y10.1007/s42114-017-0017-y ↗
66. Li ZQ, Lu CJ, Xia ZP et al (2007) X-ray diffraction patterns of graphite and turbostratic carbon. Carbon N Y 45:1686–1695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.03810.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.038 ↗
67. Stobinski L, Lesiak B, Malolepszy A et al (2014) Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide studied by the XRD, TEM and electron spectroscopy methods. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 195:145–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elspec.2014.07.00310.1016/j.elspec.2014.07.003 ↗
68. Ferrari AC, Meyer JC, Scardaci V et al (2006) Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers. Phys Rev Lett 97:187401. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.18740110.1103/PhysRevLett.97.187401 ↗
69. Lee JU, Park SY, Tuccitto AV et al (2025) Ultraviolet-laser-induced graphene with heterogeneous CuO, Fe3O4, TiO2 ternary metal oxide nanoparticles for enhanced environmental applications. Chem Eng J 505:159298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.15929810.1016/j.cej.2025.159298 ↗
70. Farzana S, Lee JU, Tuccitto AV et al (2025) Green catalyst-laser based approach for recycling plastic waste into high-quality graphene. Chem Eng J 509:161174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.16117410.1016/j.cej.2025.161174 ↗
71. Chernov V, Thomson MJ, Dworkin SB et al (2014) Soot formation with C1 and C2 fuels using an improved chemical mechanism for PAH growth. Combust Flame 161:592–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.09.01710.1016/j.combustflame.2013.09.017 ↗
72. Dworkin SB, Zhang Q, Thomson MJ et al (2011) Application of an enhanced PAH growth model to soot formation in a laminar coflow ethylene/air diffusion flame. Combust Flame 158:1682–1695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.01.01310.1016/j.combustflame.2011.01.013 ↗
73. Wen Z, Yun S, Thomson MJ, Lightstone MF (2003) Modeling soot formation in turbulent kerosene/air jet diffusion flames. Combust Flame 135:323–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(03)00179-210.1016/S0010-2180(03)00179-2 ↗
74. Lee JU, Kang BS, Cho SC et al (2025) Facile fabrication of highly flexible and sensitive strain sensors based on UV-laser-reduced graphene oxide with CuO nanoparticles for human health monitoring. Int J Precis Eng Manuf Green Technol 12:61–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-024-00632-w10.1007/s40684-024-00632-w ↗
75. Zhou W, Du Y, Chen Y et al (2025) Bioinspired ultrasensitive flexible strain sensors for real-time wireless detection of liquid leakage. Nanomicro Lett 17:75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01575-210.1007/s40820-024-01575-2 ↗
76. Hu M, Gao Y, Jiang Y et al (2021) High-performance strain sensors based on bilayer carbon black/PDMS hybrids. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 4:514–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-021-00226-z10.1007/s42114-021-00226-z ↗
77. Jeong SY, Ma YW, Lee JU et al (2019) Flexible and highly sensitive strain sensor based on laser-induced graphene pattern fabricated by 355 nm pulsed laser. Sensors 19(22):4867. https://doi.org/10.3390/s1922486710.3390/s19224867 ↗
78. Yu H, Bian J, Chen F et al (2023) Ultrathin, graphene-in-polyimide strain sensor via laser-induced interfacial ablation of polyimide. Adv Electron Mater 9(3):2201086. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.20220108610.1002/aelm.202201086 ↗
79. Yang D, Nam HK, Le TSD et al (2023) Multimodal e-textile enabled by one-step maskless patterning of femtosecond-laser-induced graphene on nonwoven, knit, and woven textiles. ACS Nano 17:18893–18904. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c0412010.1021/acsnano.3c04120 ↗
80. Wang Y, Yang T, Lao J et al (2015) Ultra-sensitive graphene strain sensor for sound signal acquisition and recognition. Nano Res 8:1627–1636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-014-0652-310.1007/s12274-014-0652-3 ↗
81. Uscátegui YL, Díaz LE, Valero MF (2019) In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility of polyurethanes synthesized with castor oil polyols for biomedical devices. J Mater Res 34:519–531. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.44810.1557/jmr.2018.448 ↗
82. Briganti E, Losi P, Raffi A et al (2006) Silicone based polyurethane materials: a promising biocompatible elastomeric formulation for cardiovascular applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med 17:259–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-7312-410.1007/s10856-006-7312-4 ↗
83. Jung YH, Hong SK, Wang HS et al (2020) Flexible piezoelectric acoustic sensors and machine learning for speech processing. Adv Mater 32(35):1904020. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20190402010.1002/adma.201904020 ↗
84. Xia SY, Long Y, Huang Z et al (2022) Laser-induced graphene (LIG)-based pressure sensor and triboelectric nanogenerator towards high-performance self-powered measurement-control combined system. Nano Energy 96:107099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.10709910.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107099 ↗
85. Jang D, Choi J, Bang J et al (2026) Enhanced lightweight, moisture-resistant, and thermoelectric cement composites using carbon nanotube and hollow glass microsphere-based hybrid clusters. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 9:37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-025-01581-x10.1007/s42114-025-01581-x ↗
86. Smith AD, Elgammal K, Niklaus F et al (2015) Resistive graphene humidity sensors with rapid and direct electrical readout. Nanoscale 7:19099–19109. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5nr06038a10.1039/c5nr06038a ↗
87. Park SY, Kim YH, Lee SY et al (2018) Highly selective and sensitive chemoresistive humidity sensors based on rGO/MoS2 van der Waals composites. J Mater Chem A 6:5016–5024. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ta11375g10.1039/c7ta11375g ↗
88. Niu G, Wang Z, Xue Y et al (2023) Pencil-on-paper humidity sensor treated with NaCl solution for health monitoring and skin characterization. Nano Lett 23:1252–1260. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c0438410.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04384 ↗
89. Chhetry A, Sharma S, Barman SC et al (2021) Black phosphorus@laser-engraved graphene heterostructure-based temperature–strain hybridized sensor for electronic-skin applications. Adv Funct Mater 31(9):2007661. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.20200766110.1002/adfm.202007661 ↗
90. Chhetry A, Sharifuzzaman M, Yoon H et al (2019) MoS2-decorated laser-induced graphene for a highly sensitive, hysteresis-free, and reliable piezoresistive strain sensor. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11:22531–22542. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b0491510.1021/acsami.9b04915 ↗
91. Wu T, Li Y, Zhao L et al (2026) Recent progress on flexible multimodal sensors: Decoupling strategies, fabrication and applications. Adv Mater 202521375. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.20252137510.1002/adma.202521375 ↗
92. Yang R, Zhang W, Tiwari N et al (2022) Multimodal sensors with decoupled sensing mechanisms. Adv Sci 9(12):2105707. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.20210570710.1002/advs.202105707 ↗
93. Paeng C, Shanmugasundaram A, We G et al (2024) Rapid and flexible humidity sensor based on laser-induced graphene for monitoring human respiration. ACS Appl Nano Mater 7:4772–4783. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.3c0528310.1021/acsanm.3c05283 ↗
94. Waheed W, Anwer S, Khan MU et al (2024) 2D Ti3C2Tx-MXene nanosheets and graphene oxide based highly sensitive humidity sensor for wearable and flexible electronics. Chem Eng J 480:147981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.14798110.1016/j.cej.2023.147981 ↗
95. Song Y, Dan R, Li L et al (2025) A flexible humidity sensor based on GO/PEDOT:PSS modified laser-induced graphene electrode. Sens Actuators A-Phys 387:116433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2025.11643310.1016/j.sna.2025.116433 ↗