BaTiO3-based nanogenerators: fundamentals and current status
Source abstract
Abstract
Piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) collect energy from the environment and biomechanical movements and convert this mechanical energy into electrical energy. They have become an attractive alternative to traditional rechargeable batteries for providing electrical power low energy portable devices. As PENGs became the center of attention in robots, wearable devices, medical equipment, and many other fields, the development of piezoelectric materials has become mandatory. This review reviews the basic information, structure, properties, and preparation methods of Barium Titanate, one of the most important PENGs, its development in recent years, and the progress towards high energy generation.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials · Conducting polymers and applications · Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. F.R. Fan, W. Tang, Z.L. Wang, Flexible Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Self-Powered Electronics. Adv. Mater. 28, 4283–4305 (2016)10.1002/adma.201504299 ↗
2. F. Hu, Q. Cai, F. Liao, M. Shao, S.T. Lee, Recent Advancements in Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting. Small 11, 5611–5628 (2015)10.1002/smll.201501011 ↗
3. Z.L. Wang, Triboelectric Nanogenerators as New Energy Technology for Self-Powered Systems and as Active Mechanical and Chemical Sensors. ACS Nano 7, 9533–9557 (2013)10.1021/nn404614z ↗
4. Z.L. Wang, Progress in piezotronics and piezo-phototronics. Adv. Mater. 24, 4632–4646 (2012)10.1002/adma.201104365 ↗
5. M.H. Seo, J.Y. Yoo, S.Y. Choi, J.S. Lee, K.W. Choi, C.K. Jeong, K.J. Lee, J.B. Yoon, Versatile Transfer of an Ultralong and Seamless Nanowire Array Crystallized at High Temperature for Use in High-Performance Flexible Devices. ACS Nano 11, 1520–1529 (2017)10.1021/acsnano.6b06842 ↗
6. H.Y. Zou, X.G. Li, W.B. Peng, W.Z. Wu, R.M. Yu, C.S. Wu, W.B. Ding, F. Hu, R.Y. Liu, Y.L. Zi, Z.L. Wang, Piezo-Phototronic Effect on Selective Electron or Hole Transport through Depletion Region of Vis-NIR Broadband Photodiode. Adv. Mater. 29, 1701412 (2017)10.1002/adma.201701412 ↗
7. R. Guo, Y. Guo, H. Duan, H. Li, H. Liu, Synthesis of Orthorhombic Perovskite-Type ZnSnO3 Single-Crystal Nanoplates and Their Application in Energy Harvesting. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 8271–8279 (2017)10.1021/acsami.6b16629 ↗
8. L. Persano, C. Dagdeviren, Y. Su, Y. Zhang, S. Girardo, D. Pisignano, Y. Huang, J.A. Rogers, High performance piezoelectric devices based on aligned arrays of nanofibers of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene). Nat. Commun. 4, 1633 (2013)10.1038/ncomms2639 ↗
9. Z. Wang, L. Tan, X. Pan, G. Liu, Y. He, W. Jin, M. Li, Y. Hu, H. Gu, Self-powered viscosity and pressure sensing in microfluidic systems based on the piezoelectric energy harvesting of flowing droplets. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 28586–28595 (2017)10.1021/acsami.7b08541 ↗
10. H.S. Lee, J. Chung, G.-T. Hwang, C.K. Jeong, Y. Jung, J.-H. Kwak, H. Kang, M. Byun, W.D. Kim, S. Hur, S.-H. Oh, K.J. Lee, Flexible Inorganic Piezoelectric Acoustic Nanosensors for Biomimetic Artificial Hair Cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 6914–6921 (2014)10.1002/adfm.201402270 ↗
11. H. Wu, Y. Huang, F. Xu, Y. Duan, Z. Yin, Energy Harvesters for Wearable and Stretchable Electronics: From Flexibility to Stretchability. Adv. Mater. 28, 9881–9919 (2016)10.1002/adma.201602251 ↗
12. J. Chang, M. Dommer, C. Chang, L. Lin, Piezoelectric nanofibers for energy scavenging applications. Nano Energy 1, 356–371 (2012)10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.02.003 ↗
13. S.H. Lee, C.K. Jeong, G.-T. Hwang, K.J. Lee, Self-powered flexible inorganic electronic system. Nano Energy 14, 111–125 (2015)10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.12.003 ↗
14. K. Shi, B. Sun, X. Huang, P. Jiang, Synergistic effect of graphene nanosheet and BaTiO3 nanoparticles on performance enhancement of electrospun PVDF nanofiber mat for flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators. Nano Energy 52, 153–162 (2018)10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.07.053 ↗
15. Z. Wang, X. Pan, Y. He, Y. Hu, H. Gu, Y. Wang, Piezoelectric nanowires in energy harvesting applications. Ann. Mater. Sci. Eng. (2015)10.1155/2015/165631 ↗
16. Y. Jie, H. Zhu, X. Cao, Y. Zhang, N. Wang, L. Zhang, Z.L. Wang, One-Piece Triboelectric Nanosensor for Self-Triggered Alarm System and Latent Fingerprint Detection. ACS Nano 10, 10366–10372 (2016)10.1021/acsnano.6b06100 ↗
17. J.M. Yun, J.H. Shin, J. Ryu, N.M. Shinde, K.H. Kim, Piezoelectric Performance of Cubic-Phase BaTiO3 Nanoparticles Vertically Aligned via Electric Field. Adv. Sustain. Syst. 2, 1700133 (2018)10.1002/adsu.201700133 ↗
18. Y. Zhao, Q. Liao, G. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Q. Liang, X. Liao, Y. Zhang, High output piezoelectric nanocomposite generators composed of oriented BaTiO3 NPs at PVDF. Nano Energy 11, 719–727 (2015)10.1016/j.nanoen.2014.11.061 ↗
19. G. Zhang, D. Brannum, D. Dong, L. Tang, E. Allahyarov, S. Tang, K. Kodweis, J. K. Lee, L. Zhu, Interfacial polarization-induced loss mechanisms in polypropylene/BaTiO3 nanocomposite dielectrics. Chem. Mater. 28, 4646–4660 (2016)10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01383 ↗
20. Z.L. Wang, J. Song, Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays. Science 312, 242–246 (2006)10.1126/science.1124005 ↗
21. X. Wang, Piezoelectric nanogenerators-harvesting ambient mechanical energy at the nanometer scale. Nano Energy 1, 13–24 (2012)10.1016/j.nanoen.2011.09.001 ↗
22. G. Poulin-Vittrant, C. Oshman, C. Opoku, A. Dahiya, N. Camara, D. Alquier, L.-P.T.H. Hue, M. Lethiecq, Fabrication and characterization of ZnO nanowire-based piezoelectric nanogenerators for low frequency mechanical energy harvesting. Phys. Procedia 70, 909–913 (2015)10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.188 ↗
23. L. Lin, Y. Hu, C. Xu, Y. Zhang, R. Zhang, X. Wen, Z.L. Wang, Transparent flexible nanogenerator as self-powered sensor for transportation monitoring. Nano Energy 2, 75–81 (2013)10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.07.019 ↗
24. Z.L. Wang, Piezoelectric Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Nanosensors and Nanosystems, Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 1–20 (2012)10.1002/047134608X.W8136 ↗
25. R. Hinchet, Electromechanical Study of Semiconductor Piezoelectric Nanowires. Application to Mechanical Sensors and Energy Harvesters (Doctoral dissertation in Grenoble) (2014)
26. Y. Gao, Z.L. Wang, Electrostatic potential in a bent piezoelectric nanowire. The fundamental theory of nanogenerator and nanopiezotronics, Nano Lett. 7, 2499–2505 (2007)
27. P.X. Gao, J. Song, J. Liu, Z.L. Wang, Nanowire piezoelectric nanogenerators on plastic substrates as flexible power sources for nanodevices. Adv. Mater. 19, 67–72 (2007)10.1002/adma.200601162 ↗
28. Z.L. Wang, G. Zhu, Y. Yang, S. Wang, C. Pan, Progress in nanogenerators for portable electronics. Mater. Today 15, 532–543 (2012)10.1016/S1369-7021(13)70011-7 ↗
29. G. Zhu, A.C. Wang, Y. Liu, Y. Zhou, Z.L. Wang, Functional electrical stimulation by nanogenerator with 58 V output voltage. Nano Lett. 12, 3086–3090 (2012)10.1021/nl300972f ↗
30. G. Stephen, Benka, An efficient white-light LED. Phys. Today 58, 9 (2005)
31. S.B. Lang, Guide to the literature of piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity 28. Ferroelectrics 361, 130–216 (2007)10.1080/00150190701794916 ↗
32. Ye, Z.G., et al., Handbook of dielectric, piezoelectric and ferroelectric materials: synthesis, properties and applications. Woodhead Pub., Maney Pub. on behalf of The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining, CRC Press, Boca Raton (2008)10.1201/9781439832882 ↗
33. G.H. Haertling, Ferroelectric Ceramics: History and Technology. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 82, 797–818 (1999)10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01840.x ↗
34. https://www.americanpiezo.com/knowledge-center/piezo-theory/piezoelectricity.html
35. R.E. Newnham, Properties of Materials: Anisotropy, Symmetry, Structure: Anisotropy, Structure (Oxford University Press, New York, 2004)10.1093/oso/9780198520757.001.0001 ↗
36. D. Damjanovic, Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics. Rep. Prog. Phys. 61, 1267 (1998)10.1088/0034-4885/61/9/002 ↗
37. A. Kholkin, M. Calzada, P. Ramos, J. Mendiola, N. Setter Piezoelectric properties of Ca-modified PbTiO3 thin films. Appl Phys. Let. 69, 3602–3604 (1996)10.1063/1.117220 ↗
38. G.L. Smith, J.S. Pulskamp, L.M. Sanchez, D.M. Potrepka, R.M. Proie, Ivanov TG et al., PZT-based piezoelectric MEMS technology. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 95, 1777–1792 (2012)10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05155.x ↗
39. S. Wada, S. Suzuki, T. Noma, T. Suzuki, M. Osada, M. Kakihana et al., Enhanced piezoelectric property of barium titanate single crystals with engineered domain configurations. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 38, 5505 (1999)10.1143/JJAP.38.5505 ↗
40. G. Shirane, R. Newnham, R. Pepinsky, Dielectric properties and phase transitions of NaNbO3 and (Na, K)NbO3. Phys. Rev. 96, 581 (1954)10.1103/PhysRev.96.581 ↗
41. R. Nath, S. Zhong, S.P. Alpay, M. Huey B. Cole, Enhanced piezoelectric response from barium strontium titanate multilayer films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 012916–012916–3 (2008)10.1063/1.2825287 ↗
42. C. Duran, S. Trolier-McKinstry, G.L. Messing Fabrication and electrical properties of textured Sr0.53Ba0.47Nb2O6 ceramics by templated grain growth. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83, 2203–2213 (2008)10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01536.x ↗
43. D.L. DeVoe, Piezoelectric thin film micromechanical beam resonators. Sensor Actuat. A Phys. 88, 263–272 (2001)10.1016/S0924-4247(00)00518-5 ↗
44. R. Karabalin, M. Matheny, X. Feng, E. Defay¨, Le G. Rhun, C. Marcoux et al., Piezoelectric nanoelectromechanical resonators based on aluminum nitride thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 103111–103111–3 (2009)10.1063/1.3216586 ↗
45. S-E. Park, T.R. Shrout Ultrahigh strain and piezoelectric behavior in relaxor based ferroelectric single crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 82, 1804 (1997)10.1063/1.365983 ↗
46. B. Jaffe, R.S. Roth, S. Marzullo, Properties of piezoelectric ceramics in the solid-solution series lead titanate-lead zirconatelead oxide: tin oxide and lead titanate-lead hafnate’. Piezoelectricity 5, 159 (1992)
47. J.N. Kim, M.J. Haun, S. Jang, L.E. Cross, X.R. Xue, Temperature behavior of dielectric and piezoelectric properties of samarium-doped lead titanate ceramics. Ultrasonics, ferroelectrics and frequency control. IEEE Trans. 36, 389–392 (1989)10.1109/58.31773 ↗
48. S. Shao, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, P. Zheng, M. Zhao, J. Li et al. High piezoelectric properties and domain configuration in BaTiO3 ceramics obtained through the solid-state reaction route. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 41, 125408 (2008)10.1088/0022-3727/41/12/125408 ↗
49. D. Barrow, T. Petroff, R. Tandon, M. Sayer, Characterization of thick lead zirconate titanate films fabricated using a new sol gel based process. J. Appl. Phys. 81, 876–881 (1997)10.1063/1.364172 ↗
50. Z. Huang, G. Leighton, R. Wright, F. Duval, H.C. Chung, P. Kirby, R.W. Whatmore, Determination of piezoelectric coefficients and elastic constant of thin films by laser scanning vibrometry techniques. Sensor Actuat. A Phys. 135(2), 660–665 (2007)10.1016/j.sna.2006.10.002 ↗
51. D. Liu, J. Li, The enhanced and optimal piezoelectric coefficients in single crystalline barium titanate with engineered domain configurations. Appl Phys Lett 83, 1193–1195 (2003)10.1063/1.1600517 ↗
52. S.-E. Park, S. Wada, L. Cross, T.R. Shrout, Crystallographically engineered BaTiO single crystals for high-performance piezoelectrics. J. Appl. Phys. 86, 2746 (1999)10.1063/1.371120 ↗
53. W.J. Merz, The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the Curie point of barium titanate single crystals. Phys. Rev. 78, 52 (1950)10.1103/PhysRev.78.52 ↗
54. H. Takahashi, Y. Numamoto, J. Tani, K. Matsuta, J. Qiu, S. Tsurekawa Lead-free barium titanate ceramics with large piezoelectric constant fabricated by microwave sintering. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 45, L30–L32 (2006)10.1143/JJAP.45.L30 ↗
55. M. Harwood, P. Popper, D. Rushman, Curie point of barium titanate. Nature 160, 58–59 (1947)10.1038/160058a0 ↗
56. R.J. Meyer, R.E. Newnham, A. Amin, B.M. Kulwicki, Flextensional barium strontium titanate actuators. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86, 934–938 (2003)10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03400.x ↗
57. D.S. Paik, S.E. Park, T. Shrout, W. Hackenberger, Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of perovskite materials at cryogenic temperatures. J Mater. Sci. 34, 469–473 (1999)10.1023/A:1004578225228 ↗
58. M. Ghosh, M.G. Rao, Growth mechanism of ZnO nanostructures for ultra-high piezoelectric d33 coefficient. Mater Exp. 3, 319–327 (2013)10.1166/mex.2013.1134 ↗
59. M.-H. Zhao, Z.-L. Wang, S.X. Mao, Piezoelectric characterization of individual zinc oxide nanobelt probed by piezoresponse force microscope. Nano Lett. 4, 587–590 (2004)10.1021/nl035198a ↗
60. F. Martin, P. Muralt, M.-A. Dubois, A. Pezous, Thickness dependence of the properties of highly c-axis textured AlN thin films. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 22, 361–365 (2004)10.1116/1.1649343 ↗
61. H. Du, W. Zhou, F. Luo, D. Zhu, S. Qu, Y. Li et al., Structure and electrical properties’ investigation of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3–(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 41, 085416 (2008)10.1088/0022-3727/41/8/085416 ↗
62. A. Ballman, H. Brown, The growth and properties of strontium barium metaniobate, Sr1-xBaxNb2O6, a tungsten bronze ferroelectric. J. Cryst. Growth 1, 311–314 (1967)10.1016/0022-0248(67)90038-3 ↗
63. K. Matsuo, R.J. Xie, Y. Akimune, T. Sugiyama, Preparation of lead-free Sr2-xCaxNaNb5O15. Nippon Seram Kyo Gak 110(5), 491–494 (2002)
64. S. Karimi, I. Reaney, Y. Han, J. Pokorny, I. Sterianou, Crystal chemistry and domain structure of rare-earth doped BiFeO3 ceramics. J. Mater. Sci. 44, 5102–5112 (2009)10.1007/s10853-009-3545-1 ↗
65. N. Nikulin, Fundamentals of Electrical Materials (Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1988)
66. D. W. Richerson, "Modern ceramic engineering: Properties, processing, and use in design", Second Edition, Marcel Dekker, inc., (1992).
67. S. Luo, Z. Tang, W. Yao, Z. Zhang, Low-temperature combustion synthesis and characterization of nanosized tetragonal barium titanate powders. Microelectron. Eng. 66, 147–152 (2003)10.1016/S0167-9317(03)00039-X ↗
68. S. Ahmad, R. K. Panda, and V. F. Janas, "Ferroelectric ceramics: processing, properties & applications", http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~ecerg/projects/ferroelectric.html. (2006).
69. L. Wu, M.-C. Chure, K.-K. Wu, W.-C. Chang, M.-J. Yang, W.-K. Liu, M.-J. Wu, Dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramics with different materials powder size. Ceram. Int. 35, 957–960 (2009)10.1016/j.ceramint.2008.04.030 ↗
70. L.B. Kong, J. Ma, H. Huang, R.F. Zhang, W.X. Que, Barium titanate derived from mechanochemically activated powders. J. Alloy. Compd. 337, 226–230 (2002)10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01925-9 ↗
71. V.P. Pavlović, M.V. Nikolić, Z. Nicolić, G. Branković, L. Živković, V.B. Pavlović, M.M. Ristić, Microstructure evolution and electric properties of mechanically activated BaTiO3 ceramics. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 575–579 (2007)10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.04.074 ↗
72. M.V. Nicolić, V.P. Pavlović, V.B. Pavlović, M.M. Ristić, Analysis of early-stage sintering mechanisms of mechanically activated BaTiO3. Sci. Sinter. 38, 239–244 (2006)10.2298/SOS0603239N ↗
73. E. Brzozowski, M.S. Castro, Lowering the synthesis temperature of high-purity BaTiO3 powders by modifications in the processing conditions. Thermochim. Acta 398, 123–129 (2003)10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00353-2 ↗
74. V. Berbenni, A. Marini, G. Bruni, Effect of mechanical milling on solid state formation of BaTiO3 from BaCO3-TiO2 (rutile) mixtures. Thermochim. Acta 374, 151–158 (2001)10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00505-6 ↗
75. H. Xu, L. Gao, Hydrothermal synthesis of high-purity BaTiO3 powders: control of powder phase and size, sintering density, and dielectric properties. Mater. Lett. 58, 1582–1586 (2004)10.1016/j.matlet.2003.10.030 ↗
76. S.-K. Lee, G.J, Choi, U.-Y. Hwang, K.-K, Koo, T.J. Park, Effect of molar ratio of KOH to Ti-isopropoxide on the formation of BaTiO3 powders by hydrothermal method. Mat Lett. 57, 2201–2207 (2003)10.1016/S0167-577X(02)01174-6 ↗
77. J.G. Lisoni, C.H. Lei, T. Hoffmann, V.M. Fuenzalida, Hydrothermal growth of BaTiO3 on TiO2 single crystals. Surf. Sci. 515, 431–440 (2002)10.1016/S0039-6028(02)01959-3 ↗
78. O. Harizanov, A. Harizanova, T. Ivanova, Formation and characterization of sol-gel barium titanate. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 106, 191–195 (2004)10.1016/j.mseb.2003.09.014 ↗
79. W. Li, Z. Xu, R. chu, P. Fu, and J. Hao, Structure and electrical properties of BaTiO3 prepared by sol-gel process. J. Alloys Compd. 137, 1–18 (2009)10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.02.137 ↗
80. A. Dixit, S.B. Majumder, A. Savvinov, R.S. Katiyar, R. Guo, A.S. Bhalla, Investigations on the sol-gel derived barium zirconium titanate thin films. Mater. Lett. 56, 933–940 (2002)10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00640-7 ↗
81. M. M. Silvàn, L.F-Cobas, R. J. M-Palma, M. H-Vèlez, and J. M. M-Duart, BaTiO3 thin films obtained by sol-gel spin coating. Surf. Coat. Tech. 151–152, 118–121 (2002)10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01602-4 ↗
82. P. Vitanov, A. Harizanova, T. Ivanova, D. Velkov, Z.D. Raytcheva. Deposition, structure evolution and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 and BaxSr1-xTiO3 thin films prepared by the sol-gel method. Vacuum 69, 371–377 (2003)10.1016/S0042-207X(02)00361-5 ↗
83. R. Xu, M. Shen, S. Ge, Z, Gan, and W. Cao, Dielectric enhancement of sol-gel derived BaTiO3/SrTiO3 multilayered thin films. Thin Solid Films 406, 113–117 (2002)10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00050-0 ↗
84. D.H. Yoon, J. Zhang, B.I. Lee, Dielectric constant and mixing model of BaTiO3 composite thick films. Mater. Res. Bull. 38, 765–772 (2003)10.1016/S0025-5408(03)00075-8 ↗
85. K. Yao, W. Zhu, Barium titanate glass-ceramic thin films for integrated high-dielectric media. Thin Solid Films 408, 11–14 (2002)10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00076-7 ↗
86. S. Lee, T. Son, J. Yun, H. Kwon, G.L. Messing, B. Jun, Preparation of BaTiO3 nanoparticles by combustion spray pyrolysis. Mater. Lett. 58, 2932–2936 (2004)10.1016/j.matlet.2004.05.022 ↗
87. T. Fang, H. Lin, Factors affecting the preparation of barium titanyl oxalate tetrahydrate. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 72, 1899–1906 (1987)10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb05998.x ↗
88. Z. Peng, Y. Chen, Preparation of BaTiO3 nanoparticles in aqueous solutions. Microelectron. Eng. 66, 102–106 (2003)10.1016/S0167-9317(03)00032-7 ↗
89. Y. Yuan, S. Zhang, W. You, Preparation of BaTiO3-based X7R ceramics with high dielectric constant by nanometer oxides doping method. Mater. Lett. 58, 1959–1963 (2004)10.1016/j.matlet.2003.12.010 ↗
90. C.N. George, J.K. Thomas, H.P. Kumar, M.K. Suresh, V.R. Kumar, P.R.S. Wariar, R. Jose, J. Koshy, Characterization, sintering and dielectric properties of nanocrystalline barium titanate synthesized through a modified combustion process. Mater. Charact. 60, 322–326 (2009)10.1016/j.matchar.2008.09.012 ↗
91. J. Moon, E. Suvaci, T. Li, S.A. Costantino, J.H. Adair, Phase development of barium titanate from chemically modified-amorphous titanium (hydrous) oxide precursor. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 22, 809–815 (2002)10.1016/S0955-2219(01)00391-0 ↗
92. L. S-Seveyrat, A. Hajjaji, Y. Emziane, B. Guiffard, D. Guyomar, Re-investigation of synthesis of BaTiO3 by conventional solid-state reaction and oxalate coprecipitation route for piezoelectric applications. Ceramics International 33, 35–40 (2007)10.1016/j.ceramint.2005.07.019 ↗
93. X. Wang, R. Chen, H. Zhou, L. Li, Z. Gui, Dielectric properties of BaTiO3-based ceramics sintered in reducing atmospheres prepared from nano-powders. Ceram. Int. 30, 1895–1898 (2004)10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.02.004 ↗
94. P. Duran, D. Gutierrez, J. Tartaj, C. Moure, Densification behaviour, microstructure development and dielectric properties of pure BaTiO3 prepared by thermal decomposition of (Ba, Ti)-citrate polyester resins. Ceram. Int. 28, 283–292 (2002)10.1016/S0272-8842(01)00092-X ↗
95. M.-B. Park, C.-D. Kim, S.-K. Lee, N.-H. Cho, Phase transition and dielectric characteristics of nano-grained BaTiO3 ceramics synthesized from surface-coated nano-powders. Appl. Surf. Sci. 190, 416–421 (2002)10.1016/S0169-4332(01)00926-6 ↗
96. M.-B. Park, N.-H. Cho, Chemical and structural features of the grain boundaries in semiconducting BaTiO3 ceramics prepared from surface-coated powders. Solid State Ionics 154–155, 407–412 (2002)10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00580-5 ↗
97. S. Gong, Z. Zhiping, D. Zhou, Y. Hu, Preparation of BaTiO3-based chip thermistors by gelcasting approach. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 99, 408–441 (2003)10.1016/S0921-5107(02)00454-3 ↗
98. J.M. Saldaña, B. Mullier, G.A. Schneider, Preparation of BaTiO3 single crystals using the modified SiO2-exaggerated grain growth method. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 22, 681–688 (2002)10.1016/S0955-2219(01)00336-3 ↗
99. B. Li, X. Wang, L. Li, H. zhou, X. Liu, X. Han,Y. Zhang, X. Qi, X. Deng, Dielectric properties of fine-grained BaTiO3 prepared by Spark-plasma-sintering. Mater. Chem. Phys. 83, 23–28 (2004)10.1016/j.matchemphys.2003.08.009 ↗
100. O.P. Thakur, A. Feteira, B. Kundys, D.C. Sinclair, Influence of attrition milling on the electrical properties of undoped-BaTiO3. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 2577–2589 (2007)10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.10.013 ↗