Flexural Behavior of Seawater Sea-Sand Coral Aggregate Concrete Beams Reinforced with FRP Bars
Source abstract
Abstract
Using locally available raw materials, such as seawater, sea sand, and coral reefs, for construction on remote islands is conducive to saving costs and shortening the construction time. These raw materials contain high amounts of corrosive substances such as chloride ions, which increase the corrosion risk of steel reinforcement. This study investigated the flexural behavior of seawater sea-sand coral aggregate concrete (CAC) beams reinforced with the noncorrosion fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Nine beam specimens were loaded under four-point bending to evaluate the influence of concrete type and reinforcement ratio on their flexural behavior. A model of equivalent rectangular stress block parameters was derived, and the accuracy of the model was validated by the test results. It is found that the ultimate moment capacity and deformability of FRP-reinforced CAC beams were lower than those of the corresponding FRP-reinforced natural aggregate concrete beams. The proposed model reduces the prediction error of the flexural strength and is also safer and more conservative than the existing design provisions, which is critical for nonductile FRP-reinforced concrete beams.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Structural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete · Concrete Corrosion and Durability · Innovative concrete reinforcement materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Associate Professor, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen Univ., Shenzhen 518060, China.
Master Candidate, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong Univ., Nanchang 330013, China.
Assistant Professor, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen Univ., Shenzhen 518060, China (corresponding author). ORCID: .
Professor, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen Univ., Shenzhen 518060, China; School of Engineering, RMIT Univ., 376-392 Swanston St., Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
References (45)
Show source-provided references
1. ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2015. Guide for the design and construction of structural concrete reinforced with FRP bars. ACI 440.1R-15. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute.
2. Adam, M. A., M. Said, A. A. Mahmoud, and A. S. Shanour. 2015. “Analytical and experimental flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymers bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 84: 354–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.057.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.057 ↗
3. Arumugam, R. A., and K. Ramamurthy. 1996. “Study of compressive strength characteristics of coral aggregate concrete.” Mag. Concr. Res. 48 (176): 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1996.48.176.141.10.1680/macr.1996.48.176.141 ↗
4. ASTM. 2013. Standard practice for the preparation of substitute ocean water. ASTM D1141-98. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
5. ASTM. 2017. Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials. ASTM D3039/D3039M-17. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
6. Bazli, M., Y. L. Li, X. L. Zhao, R. K. Singh Raman, Y. Bai, S. Al-Saadi, and A. Haque. 2020. “Durability of seawater and sea sand concrete filled filament wound FRP tubes under seawater environments.” Composites, Part B 202: 108409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108409.10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108409 ↗
7. Benmokrane, B., A. H. Ali, and H. Mohamed. 2016. “Microstructural characterization and durability of GFRP reinforcing bars exposed to concrete environment and saline solution.” In Proc., Int. Workshop on Seawater Sea-Sand Concrete (SSC) Structures Reinforced with FRP Composites. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.
8. CEB-FIP (Comité Euro-International du Béton-Fédération Internationale du Béton). 1993. Design of concrete structures. CEB-FIP-Model-Code 1990. London: Thomas Telford.
9. CSA (Canadian Standard Association). 2017. Design and construction of building components with fibre-reinforced polymers. CSA S806-12. Toronto: CSA.
10. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.06410.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.064 ↗
11. Dong, Z., G. Wu, H. Zhu, X. L. Zhao, Y. Wei, and H. Qian. 2020. “Flexural behavior of seawater sea-sand coral concrete–UHPC composite beams reinforced with BFRP bars.” Constr. Build. Mater. 265: 120279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120279.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120279 ↗
12. Ehlert, R. 1991. “Coral concrete at bikini atoll.” Concr. Int. 13: 19–24.
13. 10.1201/978142002019910.1201/9781420020199 ↗
14. Guo, R., S. Ning, S. Zhao, and M. Wang. 2020. “FRP flexural strengthened concrete member design method of based on early-warning fuses.” KSCE J. Civ. Eng. 24 (11): 3397–3405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0016-3.10.1007/s12205-020-0016-3 ↗
15. Harajli, M. H., B. S. Hamad, and A. A. Rteil. 2004. “Effect of confinement on bond strength between steel bars and concrete.” ACI Struct. J. 101 (5): 595–603.
16. Howdyshell, P. A. 1974. The use of coral as an aggregate for Portland cement concrete structures. Fort Belvoir, VA: DTIC Document.
17. Huang, Y., X. He, H. Sun, Y. Sun, and Q. Wang. 2018. “Effects of coral, recycled and natural coarse aggregates on the mechanical properties of concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 192: 330–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.111.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.111 ↗
18. Huang, X. X., L. L. Sui, F. Xing, Y. W. Zhou, and Y. F. Wu. 2019. “Reliability assessment for flexural FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams based on importance sampling.” Composites, Part B 156: 378–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.002.10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.002 ↗
19. 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.000021610.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000216 ↗
20. Kaushik, S. K., and S. Islam. 1995. “Suitability of sea water for mixing structural concrete exposed to a marine environment.” Cem. Concr. Compos. 17 (3): 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0958-9465(95)00015-5.10.1016/0958-9465(95)00015-5 ↗
21. Li, Y. T., L. Zhou, Y. Zhang, J. W. Cui, and J. Shao. 2013. “Study on long-term performance of concrete based on seawater, sea sand and coral sand.” Adv. Mater. Res. 706–708: 512–515. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.706-708.512.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.706-708.512 ↗
22. Li, W., and C. K. Y. Leung. 2016. “Shear span–depth ratio effect on behavior of RC beam shear strengthened with full-wrapping FRP strip.” J. Compos. Constr. 20 (3): 04015067. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000627.10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000627 ↗
23. Mufti, A. A., J. P. Newhook, and G. Tadros. 1996. “Deformability versus ductility in concrete beams with FRP reinforcement.” In Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, 189–199. Montreal, QC: Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.
24. MoT (Ministry of Transportation). 2005. Test methods of aggregate for highway engineering. JTG E42-2005. Beijing: Ministry of Transportation.
25. 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:11(3344)10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:11(3344) ↗
26. Nishida, T., N. Otsuki, R. Onitsuka, Y. Wanchai, and J. Yokokura. 2003. “Study on strength and permeability of concrete using low quality coarse aggregates from circum-Pacific region.” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 746: 103–114. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2003.746_103.10.2208/jscej.2003.746_103 ↗
27. Nishizaki, I., I. Sasaki, and H. Sakuraba. 2016. “Long-term exposure performance of FRP composites in marine environments.” In Proc., Int. Workshop on Seawater Sea-Sand Concrete (SSC) Structures Reinforced with FRP Composites. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Polytechnic Univ.
28. Niu, D., L. Su, Y. Luo, D. Huang, and D. Luo. 2020. “Experimental study on mechanical properties and durability of basalt fiber reinforced coral aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 237: 117628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117628.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117628 ↗
29. Oudah, F., and R. El-Hacha. 2012. “A new ductility model of reinforced concrete beams strengthened using fiber reinforced polymer reinforcement.” Composites, Part B 43 (8): 3338–3347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.01.071.10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.01.071 ↗
30. Park, R., and T. Paulay. 1975. Reinforced concrete structures. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.10.1002/9780470172834 ↗
31. 10.1016/0008-8846(73)90096-310.1016/0008-8846(73)90096-3 ↗
32. Rashid, M. A., M. A. Mansur, and P. Paramasivam. 2005. “Behavior of aramid fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced high strength concrete beams under bending.” J. Compos. Constr. 9 (2): 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:2(117).10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:2(117) ↗
33. Sedriks, A. J. 1996. Corrosion of stainless steel. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
34. Teng, J. G., L. Lam, and J. F. Chen. 2004. “Shear strengthening of RC beams with FRP composites.” Prog. Struct. Mater. Eng. 6 (3): 173–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.179.10.1002/pse.179 ↗
35. 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2:1(7)10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2:1(7) ↗
36. Vines, F. 1982. “Experience with use of coral detritus as concrete aggregate in Western Samoa.” Aust. Road Res. 12 (1): 17–28.
37. Wang, J., P. Feng, T. Hao, and Q. Yue. 2017. “Axial compressive behavior of seawater coral aggregate concrete-filled FRP tubes.” Constr. Build. Mater. 147: 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.169.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.169 ↗
38. Wang, Y., S. Zhang, D. Niu, L. Su, and D. Luo. 2020. “Strength and chloride ion distribution brought by aggregate of basalt fiber reinforced coral aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 234: 117390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117390.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117390 ↗
39. Wu, W., R. Wang, C. Zhu, and Q. Meng. 2018. “The effect of fly ash and silica fume on mechanical properties and durability of coral aggregate concrete.” Constr. Build. Mater. 185: 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.097.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.097 ↗
40. 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.000145410.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001454 ↗
41. 10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.10802510.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108025 ↗
42. Xiao, J., C. Qiang, A. Nanni, and K. Zhang. 2017. “Use of sea-sand and seawater in concrete construction: Current status and future opportunities.” Constr. Build. Mater. 155: 1101–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.130.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.130 ↗
43. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.01510.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.015 ↗
44. Yuan, F., and Y. F. Wu. 2019. “Analytical method for derivation of stress block parameters for flexural design of FRP reinforced concrete members.” Compos. Struct. 229: 111459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111459.10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111459 ↗
45. Zhou, W., P. Feng, and H. Lin. 2020. “Constitutive relations of coral aggregate concrete under uniaxial and triaxial compression.” Constr. Build. Mater. 251: 118957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118957.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118957 ↗