journal article·2007-08-07

Estimating service lifetimes in weathering: an optimistic view

S. G. Croll, B. R. Hinderliter

Publisher page

Abstract

Directly correlating lifetime to coating composition by using standardized, artificial exposures, or even natural exposure, is often very difficult. However, significant progress can be made by breaking down the problem into smaller questions, which can be separately addressed. If one understands the physical parameters that affect end-use properties, then one can also group, and thus correlate, properties according to whether they depend on processes at the surface or in the bulk of a coating, or whether they depend on defects. A scheme is presented that shows how one can use knowledge from analytical physical or chemical materials science in a statistical model related to the “chemical paradigm.” Simple physical models that use this information, about the initial state of the coating and its rate of degradation, can be used to compare the performance of coatings and estimate, simply, service lifetime depending on the property of interest, in the environment of interest. One can see that different properties are sensitive in different ways to the degradation process and decay with a different rate. Thus, although properties may be determined by the same degradation process, and location within a coating, they do not correlate directly. These approaches show how to organize our knowledge of degradation processes, and environments, and be able to make some testable predictions on how coating properties deteriorate.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements · Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring · Asphalt Pavement Performance Evaluation

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (38)

Show source-provided references
1. NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/ July (2006)
2. Pecht, M, Dasgupta, A, (1995) Physics-of-Failure: An Approach to Reliable Product Development. J. Inst. Env. Sci. 38(5):30–34
3. Bauer, DR, (1996) Predicting In-Service Weatherability of Automotive Coatings: A New Approach. J. Coat. Technol. 69(864):85–96
4. Pilcher GR, Van de Streek GN, Chess JA, Cocuzzi DA, “Accelerated Weathering Devices: Scientific Tools, not Marketing Solutions.” Proc. XXIVth. Int. Conf. Organic Coatings, pp. 323–335, Athens, 1998
5. Wilhelm, C, Gardette, JL, “Infrared Analysis of the Photochemical Behavior of Segmented Polyurethanes: Aliphatic Poly(ether-urethane)s.” Polymer, 39 5973 (1998);10.1016/S0032-3861(97)10065-9 ↗
6. Wilhem, C, Rivaton, A, Gardette, J, “Infrared Analysis of the Photochemical Behavior of Segmented Polyurethanes 3. Aromatic Diisocyanate Based Polymers.” Polymer, 39 1223 (1998);10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00353-4 ↗
7. Perrin, FX, Irigoyen, M, Aragon, E, Vernet, JL, “Artificial Aging of Acrylurethane and Alkyd Paints: A Micro-ATR Spectroscopic Study.” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 70 469 (2000);10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00143-9 ↗
8. Gerlock, JL, Smith, CA, Cooper, VA, Dusbiber, TG, and Weber, WH, “On the Use of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy to Assess the Weathering Performance of Isolated Clearcoats from Different Chemical Families.” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 62 225 (1998)10.1016/S0141-3910(97)00279-6 ↗
9. Dickie, RA (1993) Chemical Origins of Paint Performance. J. Coat. Technol. 66(834): 29–37
10. Bauer DR, Adamsons K, “The Role of Fundamental Mechanistic Studies in Practical Service Life Prediction,” Service Life Prediction: Methodology and Metrologies,” ACS Symposium Series; 805, pp. 162–184 (2001) and other chapters from this symposium10.1021/bk-2002-0805.ch009 ↗
11. Martin JW, “Repeatability and Reproducibility of Field Exposure Results,” Service Life Prediction: Methodology and Metrologies, ACS Symposium Series; 805, pp. 2–22, 200210.1021/bk-2002-0805.ch001 ↗
12. Jacques, LFE (2005) Accelerated and Outdoor/Natural Exposure Testing of Coatings. Prog. Polym. Sci. 25:1337–136210.1016/S0079-6700(00)00030-7 ↗
13. Croll SG, Hinderliter BR, “Monte Carlo Simulation Applied To Coating Deterioration During Weathering,” 3rd Service Lifetime Prediction Conference, Sedona AZ, February 2004, Chapter 7 in Service Life Prediction, Challenging the Status Quo, pp. 107–122, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 2005
14. Signor, AW, VanLandingham MR, Chin JW, “Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure on Vinyl Ester Resins: Characterization of Chemical, Physical and Mechanical Damage,” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 79 359–368 (2003);10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00300-2 ↗
15. Rokosz, MJ, Gerlock, JL, Kucherov, AV, Belfield, KD, Fryer, NL, Moad, G, “15N CP/MAS Solid-state NMR Spectroscopy of a 15N-enriched Hinder Amine Light Stabilizer Photolyzed in Acrylic/melamine and Acrylic/urethane Coatings,” Polym. Degrad. Stab. 70 81–88 (2000)10.1016/S0141-3910(00)00092-6 ↗
16. Saunders, SC, “The Pulsing of Free-Amine during Polymer Hydrolysis,” Service Life Prediction: Methodology and Metrologies, ACS Symposium Series; 805, pp. 468–475, 200210.1021/bk-2002-0805.ch023 ↗
17. Croll, SG, Skaja, AD, (2002) Spectroscopic Adsorption and Effective Dosage on Accelerated Weathering of a Polyester–Urethane Coating. J. Mats. Sci. 37: 4889–490010.1023/A:1020870415836 ↗
18. Gu, X, Raghavan, D, Nguyen, T, VanLandingham, MR, Yebassa, D (2001) Characterization of Polyester Degradation Using Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy: Exposure to Alkaline Solution at Room Temperature. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 74:139–14910.1016/S0141-3910(01)00138-0 ↗
19. Wypych, G (1995) Handbook of Material Weathering. ChemTec Publishing, Toronto Canada
20. Hollande S, Laurent J-L (1999) Degradation Process of an Industrial Thermoplastic Elastomer Polyurethane-Coated Fabric in Artificial Weathering Conditions. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 73:2525–253410.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990919)73:12<2525::AID-APP21>3.0.CO;2-D ↗
21. Reddy, SK, Anseth, KS, Bowman, CN (2005) Modeling of Network Degradation in Mixed Step-Chain Growth Polymerizations. Polymer 46: 4212–422210.1016/j.polymer.2005.02.050 ↗
22. Chin, J, Nguyen, T, Byrd, E, Martin, J, (2005) Validation of The Reciprocity Law of Coating Photodegradation. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 2(7):499–50810.1007/s11998-005-0009-7 ↗
23. Bennett, HE, Porteus, JO. (1961) Relation Between Surface Roughness and Specular Reflectance at Normal Incidence. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51(2):123–12910.1364/JOSA.51.000123 ↗
24. Toporets AS (1964) Specular Reflection from a Rough Surface. Opt. Spectroscopy 16:54–58
25. Beckmann, P, Spizzichino, A (1987) The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces. Artec House Inc., Norwood, MA
26. Pont, SC, Koenderink, JJ. (2005) Reflectance from Locally Glossy Thoroughly Pitted Surfaces. Comput. Vision Image Understand. 98: 211–22210.1016/j.cviu.2004.10.004 ↗
27. Tang, K, Buckius, RO (2001) A Statistical Model of Wave Scattering from Random Rough Surfaces. Int. J. Heat. Mass. Trans. 44:4059–407310.1016/S0017-9310(01)00050-3 ↗
28. Bendler, JT, Feldman, SF, Hatti, H, Hobbs, SY (1998) Approximate Model of Diffuse Reflectance from Rough Polymer Surfaces. J. Appl. Phys. 83(2):998–100410.1063/1.366788 ↗
29. Croll, SG, Hinderliter, BR, Liu, S (2006) Statistical Approaches for Predicting Weathering Degradation and Service Life. Prog. Org. Coat. 55:75–8710.1016/j.porgcoat.2005.08.006 ↗
30. Wolff, LB (1994) Relative Brightness of Specular and Diffuse Reflection. Optical. Eng. 33(1):285–29210.1117/12.149144 ↗
31. Wenzel, RN (1936) Resistance of Solid Surfaces to Wetting by Water. Ind. Eng. Chem. 28(8):988–99410.1021/ie50320a024 ↗
32. Hazlett, RD, “On Surface Roughness Effects on Wetting Phenomena.” Contact Angle Wettability Adhesion, pp. 173–181, 1993
33. Marmur, A. (2006) Soft Contact: Measurement and Interpretation of Contact Angles. Soft Matter. 2:12–1710.1039/B514811C ↗
34. Rasigni, G, Varnier, F, Rasigni, M, Palmari, JP, Liebaria, A (1982) Autocovariance Functions, Root-Mean-Square-Roughness Height, and Autocovariance Length for Rough Deposits of Copper, Silver and Gold. Phys. Rev. B 25(4):2315–232310.1103/PhysRevB.25.2315 ↗
35. Bico, J, Marzolin, C, Quéré, D (1999) Pearl Drops. Europhys. Lett. 47(2):220–22610.1209/epl/i1999-00548-y ↗
36. Nichols, ME, Peters, CA. (2002) The effect of weathering on the fracture energy of hardcoats over polycarbonate. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 75:43910.1016/S0141-3910(01)00244-0 ↗
37. Hinderliter, BR, Croll, SG (2006) Simulations of Nanoscale and Macroscopic Property Changes on Coatings with Weathering. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 3(3): 203–21210.1007/BF02774509 ↗
38. Martin, JW “Repeatability and Reproducibility of Field Exposure Results.” In: Martin JW, Bauer DR (eds.) Chapter 1 in Service Life Prediction Methodologies and Metrologies, ACS Symposium Series; 805 (2002)10.1021/bk-2002-0805.ch001 ↗