Pyrite nanoparticles as a Fenton-like reagent for in situ remediation of organic pollutants

The Fenton reaction is the most widely used advanced oxidation process (AOP) for wastewater treatment. This study reports on the use of pyrite nanoparticles and microparticles as Fenton reagents for the oxidative degradation of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as a representative contaminant. Upon oxidative dissolution in water, pyrite (FeS₂) particles can generate H₂O₂ at their surface while simultaneously promoting recycling of Fe³⁺ into Fe²⁺ and vice versa. Pyrite nanoparticles were synthesized by the hot injection method. The use of a high concentration of precursors gave individual nanoparticles (diameter: 20 nm) with broader crystallinity at the outer interfaces, providing a greater number of surface defects, which is advantageous for generating H₂O₂. Batch reactions were run to monitor the kinetics of CuPc degradation in real time and the amount of H₂O₂. A markedly greater degradation of CuPc was achieved with nanoparticles as compared to microparticles: at low loadings (0.08 mg/L) and 20 h reaction time, the former enabled 60% CuPc removal, whereas the latter enabled only 7% removal. These results confirm that the use of low concentrations of synthetic nanoparticles can be a cost effective alternative to conventional Fenton procedures for use in wastewater treatment, avoiding the potential risks caused by the release of heavy metals upon dissolution of natural pyrites.