Influence of Aging on the Failing Behavior of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries
Source abstract
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a dominant state-of-the-art energy storage system and have importance in the automotive sector. Still, LIBs suffer from aging effects and serious hazards from failing batteries are possible. These failures can lead to exothermic chemical reactions inside the cell, ending up in thermal runaway (TR). TR has caused most electric vehicle (EV) fires. Since statistically most accidents with EVs happen after about one year of vehicle usage, in particular, the failing behavior of aged cells needs to be investigated. Little information is available in open literature about the influence of aging paths on the failing behavior and especially on the degassing behavior of large automotive LIBs. Therefore, this study investigates the influence of three different aging paths (cyclic at −10 °C and at 45 °C and calendric at 60 °C) on the thermal behavior, the vent gas emission, and the vent gas composition. The results show a clear effect of aging on the failing behavior. The aged cells showed a less violent failing reaction, reduced maximal temperatures, lower amount of produced gas, significantly lower amount of CO in the vent gas, and lower mass loss than fresh cells in the same overtemperature experiments. The results are valuable for the scientific and industrial community dealing with LIBs.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Advanced Battery Technologies Research · Advancements in Battery Materials · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Virtual Vehicle Research GmbH, Inffeldgasse 21a, 8010 Graz, Austria
Funding
COMET K2—Competence Center for Excellent Technologies Program of the Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (BMVIT), the Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs (BMDW), the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG), the Provinc
References (78)
Show source-provided references
1. Before Li Ion Batteries10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00422 ↗
2. Elemental analysis of lithium ion batteries10.1039/C7JA00073A ↗
3. Insertion reactions in advanced electrochemical energy storage10.1351/pac199870030603 ↗
4. What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors?10.1021/cr020730k ↗
5. Wagner, I. (2020, March 02). Projected Vehicle Sales in China, the U.S. and the EU between 2017 and 2030, by Propulsion Technology. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/264754/worldwide-vehicle-sales-by-propulsion-technology-2025/.
6. Ahlswede, A. (2020, March 02). Absatz von Batterieelektro- und Plug-in-Hybrid-Automobilen in Ausgewählten Märkten Weltweit in den Jahren 2015 bis 2019. Available online: https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/681259/umfrage/absatz-von-elektroautos-in-ausgewaehlten-maerkten-weltweit/.
7. Essl, C., Golubkov, A.W., Gasser, E., Nachtnebel, M., Zankel, A., Ewert, E., and Fuchs, A. (2020). Comprehensive hazard analysis of failing automotive Lithium-ion batteries in overtemperature experiments. Batteries, 6.10.3390/batteries6020030 ↗
8. Sun, P., Bisschop, R., Niu, H., and Huang, X. (2020). A Review of Battery Fires in Electric Vehicles, Springer.10.1007/s10694-019-00944-3 ↗
9. Chapter Eight—Safety of Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems with a focus on Li-ion Technology10.1016/B978-0-323-42977-1.00008-X ↗
10. Abuse behavior of high-power, lithium-ion cells10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00488-3 ↗
11. A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries10.1149/1.3515880 ↗
12. Thermal Behavior of Lithiated Graphite with Electrolyte in Lithium-Ion Batteries10.1149/1.2139955 ↗
13. Comparing Different Thermal Runaway Triggers for Two Automotive Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Types10.1149/1945-7111/abbe5a ↗
14. Bisschop, R., Willstrand, O., Amon, F., and Rosengren, M. (2019). Fire Safety of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Road Vehicles.
15. Isidore, C. (2020, December 16). Are electric cars more likely to catch fire?, CNNMoney (New York), Available online: https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/17/news/companies/electric-car-fire-risk/index.html.
16. Skarics, R. (2020, December 16). Wie oft Brennen Elektroautos im Vergleich zu Fahrzeugen mit Verbrennungsmotor. Available online: https://autorevue.at/ratgeber/statistik-brennen-elektroautos.
17. Larsson, F., Anderson, P., and Mellander, B.-E. (2013). Are Electric Vehicles Safer Than Combustion Engine Vehicles. Systems Perspectives on Electromobility, Chalmers University of Technology.
18. Degradation diagnostics for lithium ion cells10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.011 ↗
19. Where is the lithium? Quantitative determination of the lithium distribution in lithium ion battery cells: Investigations on the influence of the temperature, the C-rate and the cell type10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.028 ↗
20. A comparative investigation of aging effects on thermal runaway behavior of lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.etran.2019.100034 ↗
21. Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures: Part I. Cycling performance10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00474-3 ↗
22. The effect of external compressive loads on the cycle lifetime of lithium-ion pouch cells10.1016/j.est.2017.07.021 ↗
23. Investigation of various layered lithium ion battery cathode materials by plasma- and X-ray-based element analytical techniques10.1007/s00216-018-1441-8 ↗
24. Main aging mechanisms in Li ion batteries10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.172 ↗
25. Study of the influence of mechanical pressure on the performance and aging of Lithium-ion battery cells
26. The role of mechanically induced separator creep in lithium-ion battery capacity fade10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.05.023 ↗
27. Synthesize battery degradation modes via a diagnostic and prognostic model10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.016 ↗
28. Influence of aging paths on the thermal runaway features of lithium-ion batteries in accelerating rate calorimetry tests10.20964/2019.01.14 ↗
29. Safety modelling and testing of lithium-ion batteries in electrified vehicles10.1038/s41560-018-0122-3 ↗
30. Andersson, P., Anderson, J., Larsson, F., and Mellander, B.-E. (2014, January 8). Modelling of thermal events in Lithium-ion batteries. Proceedings of the 2nd IAFSS European Symposium of Fire Safety Science, Nicosia, Cyprus.
31. Thermal runaway of large automotive Li-ion batteries10.1039/C8RA06458J ↗
32. Larsson, F. (2014). Assessment of Safety Characteristics for Li-Ion Battery Cells by Abuse Testing. [Ph.D. Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology].
33. Identification and quantification of gases emitted during abuse tests by overcharge of a commercial Li-ion battery10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.03.034 ↗
34. Quantification of Combustion Hazards of Thermal Runaway Failures in Lithium-Ion Batteries10.4271/2014-01-1857 ↗
35. Gas generation measurement and evaluation during mechanical processing and thermal treatment of spent Li-ion batteries10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.029 ↗
36. Thermal runaway of commercial 18650 Li-ion batteries with LFP and NCA cathodes—Impact of state of charge and overcharge10.1039/C5RA05897J ↗
37. Comprehensive gas analysis on large scale automotive lithium-ion cells in thermal runaway10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.051 ↗
38. Thermal runaway hazards investigation on 18650 lithium-ion battery using extended volume accelerating rate calorimeter10.1016/j.est.2020.101232 ↗
39. Key characteristics for thermal runaway of Li-ion batteries10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.736 ↗
40. Thermal-runaway experiments on consumer Li-ion batteries with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes10.1039/C3RA45748F ↗
41. How electrolytes influence battery safety10.1149/2.F04122if ↗
42. Reducing Li-ion safety hazards through use of non-flammable solvents and recent work at Sandia National Laboratories10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.065 ↗
43. DSC investigation of exothermic reactions occurring at elevated temperatures in lithium-ion anodes containing PVDF-based binders10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.03.074 ↗
44. Gas generation mechanism due to electrolyte decomposition in commercial lithium-ion cell10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00234-1 ↗
45. State of charge influence on thermal reactions and abuse tests in commercial lithium-ion cells10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.112 ↗
46. Waldmann, T., and Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, M. (2017). Effects of rest time after Li plating on safety behavior—ARC tests with commercial high-energy 18650 Li-ion cells. Electrochim. Acta.10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.036 ↗
47. Thermal Runaway Triggered by Plated Lithium on the Anode after Fast Charging10.1021/acsami.9b16589 ↗
48. Zhang, J., Su, L., Li, Z., Sun, Y., and Wu, N. (2016). The evolution of lithium-ion cell thermal safety with aging examined in a battery testing calorimeter. Batteries, 2.10.3390/batteries2020012 ↗
49. The impact of calendar aging on the thermal stability of a LiMn 2O4-Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co 1/3)O2/graphite lithium-ion cell10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.040 ↗
50. Interaction of cyclic ageing at high-rate and low temperatures and safety in lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.135 ↗
51. Essl, C., Golubkov, A.W., Planteu, R., Rasch, B., and Fuchs, A. (2018, January 16). Transport of Li-Ion Batteries: Early Failure Detection by Gas Composition Measurements. Proceedings of the 7th Transport Research Arena, Vienna, Austria.
52. Eyring acceleration model for predicting calendar ageing of lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.est.2017.06.009 ↗
53. An accelerated calendar and cycle life study of Li-ion cells10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00783-2 ↗
54. Aging mechanism in Li ion cells and calendar life predictions10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00722-4 ↗
55. Temperature dependent ageing mechanisms in Lithium-ion batteries—A Post-Mortem study10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.112 ↗
56. Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.01.006 ↗
57. Aging mechanisms of lithium cathode materials10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.034 ↗
58. Interplay of Operational Parameters on Lithium Deposition in Lithium-Ion Cells: Systematic Measurements with Reconstructed 3-Electrode Pouch Full Cells10.1149/2.0591607jes ↗
59. Correlation of aging and thermal stability of commercial 18650-type lithium ion batteries10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.041 ↗
60. Influence of cycling aging and ambient pressure on the thermal safety features of lithium-ion battery10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227425 ↗
61. Gas Evolution during Unwanted Lithium Plating in Li-Ion Cells with EC-Based or EC-Free Electrolytes10.1149/2.0711614jes ↗
62. Electrolytes for advanced batteries10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00188-3 ↗
63. Identification and characteristic analysis of powder ejected from a lithium ion battery during thermal runaway at elevated temperatures10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123169 ↗
64. Nedjalkov, A., Meyer, J., Köhring, M., Doering, A., Angelmahr, M., Dahle, S., Sander, A., Fischer, A., and Schade, W. (2016). Toxic Gas Emissions from Damaged Lithium Ion Batteries—Analysis and Safety Enhancement Solution. Batteries, 2.10.3390/batteries2010005 ↗
65. Investigation on gas generation of Li4Ti5O 12/LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cells at elevated temperature10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.057 ↗
66. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as a suitable tool for the li-ion battery electrolyte degradation mechanisms study10.1021/ac101948u ↗
67. Identification of the Source of Evolved Gas in Li-Ion Batteries Using 13C-labeled Solvents10.1149/1.2969947 ↗
68. Gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared/mass spectrometry coupling: A tool for Li-ion battery safety field investigation10.1039/C4AY00054D ↗
69. The combustion behavior of large scale lithium titanate battery
70. Effects of additives on thermal stability of Li ion cells10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.170 ↗
71. Thermal stability of LiPF6 salt and Li-ion battery electrolytes containing LiPF610.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.03.058 ↗
72. On the role of water contamination in rechargeable Li batteries10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00312-6 ↗
73. Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study of the Reactivity of Carbon Anodes in Plastic Li-Ion Batteries10.1149/1.1838287 ↗
74. An experimentally validated capacity degradation model for Li-ion batteries in PHEVs applications10.3182/20120829-3-MX-2028.00173 ↗
75. A review on lithium-ion battery ageing mechanisms and estimations for automotive applications10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.05.040 ↗
76. Lithium battery aging model based on Dakin’s degradation approach10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.036 ↗
77. Development of an empirical aging model for Li-ion batteries and application to assess the impact of Vehicle-to-Grid strategies on battery lifetime10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.119 ↗
78. Stress evolution and capacity fade in constrained lithium-ion pouch cells10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.165 ↗