Review of Achieved Purities after Li-ion Batteries Hydrometallurgical Treatment and Impurities Effects on the Cathode Performance
Source abstract
Abstract
This paper is a product purity study of recycled Li-ion batteries with a focus on hydrometallurgical recycling processes. Firstly, a brief description of the current recycling status was presented based on the research data. Moreover, this work presented the influence of impurities such as Cu, Fe and Mg on recovered cathode materials performance. The impact of the impurities was described depending on their form (metallic or ionic) and concentration. This work also reviewed hydrometallurgical recycling processes depending on the recovered material, obtained purity and recovery methods. This purity data were obtained from both research and battery industry actors. Finally, the purity study was completed by collecting data regarding commercial battery-grade chemical compounds and active lithium cathode materials, including required purity levels and allowed impurity limitations.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Extraction and Separation Processes · Advancements in Battery Materials · Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Industrial Materials Recycling and Nuclear Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
Funding
VINNOVA
References (51)
Show source-provided references
1. Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high value metals from spent lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.08.128 ↗
2. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from sulfuric acid leaching liquor of spent lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.wasman.2014.12.023 ↗
3. Impurity removal with highly selective and efficient methods and the recycling of transition metals from spent lithium-ion batteries10.1039/C9RA02331C ↗
4. A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries10.1002/jctb.4053 ↗
5. Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of lithium recovery: A critical review10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.304 ↗
6. European Commission (2021, June 02). Batteries and Accumulators. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/topics/waste-and-recycling/batteries-and-accumulators_en.
7. Extraction of Li and Co from industrially produced Li-ion battery waste—Using the reductive power of waste itself10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.048 ↗
8. Understanding fundamental effects of Cu impurity in different forms for recovered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode materials10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105214 ↗
9. A quantification method for Fe based particle contaminants in high purity materials for lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121827 ↗
10. An innovative approach to recover metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.004 ↗
11. Recovery of valuable metals from cathodic active material of spent lithium ion batteries: Leaching and kinetic aspects10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.027 ↗
12. Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03545 ↗
13. Fortum (2021, May 13). Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Solution. Available online: https://www.fortum.com/products-and-services/fortum-battery-solutions/recycling/lithium-ion-battery-recycling-solution?gclid=CjwKCAjw-e2EBhAhEiwAJI5jg3MY0vAhwcJdS3WfBH03GgrPqqerzcZFiY0sfjP8VXUaY75HdOJVKxoCAT8QAvD_BwE.
14. (2020, May 13). Northvolt. Northvolt: The Technologies Paving the Way for Li-ion Battery Recycling. Available online: https://northvolt.com/stories/RevoltTechnologies.
15. Circular Energy Storage (2019). State-of-the-Art in Reuse and Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries—A Research Review, The Swedish Energy Agency.
16. Potential environmental and human health impacts of rechargeable lithium batteries in electronic waste10.1021/es400614y ↗
17. Organic oxalate as leachant and precipitant for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.wasman.2012.03.027 ↗
18. Hydrometallurgical process for recovery of metal values from spent nickel-metal hydride secondary batteries10.1016/S0304-386X(98)00046-2 ↗
19. The effect of Fe as an impurity element for sustainable resynthesis of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.001 ↗
20. Fortum (2021, May 17). Sustainability and Demand for Electric Cars to Improve with Fortum’s New Recycling Technology for Lithium Recovery. Available online: https://www.fortum.com/media/2020/11/sustainability-and-demand-electric-cars-improve-fortums-new-recycling-technology-lithium-recovery.
21. Closed-loop hydrometallurgical treatment of end-of-life lithium ion batteries: Towards zero-waste process and metal recycling in advanced batteries10.1016/j.jechem.2019.03.022 ↗
22. Selective lithium recovery and integrated preparation of high-purity lithium hydroxide products from spent lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118181 ↗
23. Recovery of high-purity MnO2 from the acid leaching solution of spent li-ion batteries
24. Efficient recycling of valuable resources from discarded lithium-ion batteries10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.04.048 ↗
25. Product recovery from Li-ion battery wastes coming from an industrial pre-treatment plant: Lab scale tests and process simulations10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.115 ↗
26. Recovery of high-purity metallic cobalt from lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC)-type Li-ion battery10.1007/s10163-018-0790-x ↗
27. (2021, September 01). AzoCleanTech, Pilkington, B.; Li-Cycle: Hydrometallurgical Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Available online: https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1261.
28. Current and prospective li-ion battery recycling and recovery processes
29. Velázquez-Martínez, O., Valio, J., Santasalo-Aarnio, A., Reuter, M., and Serna-Guerrero, R. (2019). A critical review of lithium-ion battery recycling processes from a circular economy perspective. Batteries, 5.10.3390/batteries5040068 ↗
30. Purification of industrial grade lithium chloride for the recovery of high purity battery grade lithium carbonate10.1016/j.seppur.2018.05.020 ↗
31. Effect of Cu substitution on structures and electrochemical properties of Li[NiCo1−xCuxMn]1/3O2 as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries10.1039/C5DT02552D ↗
32. Effect of Cu doping on the structural and electrochemical performance of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode materials10.1007/s11664-018-6284-8 ↗
33. Elucidating copper dissolution phenomenon in Li-Ion cells under overdischarge extremes10.1149/2.0671809jes ↗
34. Quantitation of the dissolution of battery-grade copper foils in lithium-ion battery electrolytes by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy10.1016/j.electacta.2003.09.022 ↗
35. A laboratory-scale lithium-ion battery recycling process10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00523-1 ↗
36. Recovery of metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries with chemical deposition and solvent extraction10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.03.134 ↗
37. Synthesis and performance of Li[(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)1−xMgx]O2 prepared from spent lithium ion batteries
38. Via, T.T. (2021, May 17). Northvolt och Volvo i Nytt Batteriprojekt. Available online: https://via.tt.se/pressmeddelande/northvolt-och-volvo-i-nytt-batteriprojekt?publisherId=3235770&releaseId=3297508.
39. Livent (2021, June 07). Lithium Carbonate. Battery Grade. Available online: https://livent.com/product/lithium-carbonate-battery-grade/.
40. Livent (2021, June 07). Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate. High Purity. Available online: https://livent.com/product/lithium-hydroxide-monohydrate-high-purity/.
41. CoreMax (2021, June 07). Battery Materials. Available online: https://www.coremaxcorp.com/uploads/product/Battery_Materials/Cobalt_Sulfate_V4.pdf.
42. CoreMax (2021, June 07). Battery Materials. Available online: https://www.coremaxcorp.com/uploads/product/Battery_Materials/Nickel_Sulfate_Battery_V1.pdf.
43. iSkyChem (2021, June 07). Battery Grade Manganese Sulfate Monohydrate. Available online: http://www.iskychem.com/wap_product_detail_en/id/17.html.
44. Sigma-Aldrich (2021, June 07). 746762 Lithium Hexafluorophosphate Solution in Ethyl Methyl Carbonate. 1.0 M LiPF6 in EMC. Battery Grade. Available online: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/SE/en/product/aldrich/746762.
45. Sigma-Aldrich (2021, June 07). 746789 Lithium Hexafluorophosphate Solution in Propylene Carbonate. 1.0 M LiPF6 in PC. Battery Grade. Available online: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/SE/en/product/aldrich/746789.
46. Sigma-Aldrich (2021, June 07). 746754 Lithium Hexafluorophosphate Solution in Dimethyl Carbonate. 1.0 M LiPF6 in DMC. Battery Grade. Available online: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/SE/en/product/aldrich/746754.
47. MSE Supplies (2021, June 07). Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide NMC 622 Cathode Powder 500g. LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2. Available online: https://www.msesupplies.com/products/lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide-nmc622-cathode-powder?variant=7141237060.
48. MSE Supplies (2021, June 06). Single Crystal NMC 532 Cathode Powder 500g. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide. LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2. Available online: https://www.msesupplies.com/products/single-crystal-nmc532-cathode-powder-lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide-lini0-5mn0-3co0-2o2?ref=isp_rel_prd&isp_ref_pos=1&variant=31800717082682.
49. MSE Supplies (2021, June 07). Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide. LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 NMC 811 Cathode Powder 500 g. Available online: https://www.msesupplies.com/collections/cathode-materials/products/nmc-811-cathode-powder-500g-per-bag-lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide-powder?variant=16116292714554.
50. MSE Supplies (2021, June 07). Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide NMC 111 Cathode Powder 500g. Li1.05Ni0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2. Available online: https://www.msesupplies.com/collections/cathode-materials/products/lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide-cathode-powder-nmc111-500g?variant=7141062212.
51. MSE Supplies (2021, June 07). Single Crystal High Nickle NMC Ni83 Cathode Powder 500 g Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide. LiNi0.83Mn0.06Co0.11O2. Available online: https://www.msesupplies.com/collections/cathode-materials/products/single-crystal-high-nickle-nmc-cathode-powder-lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt-oxide-lini-sub-0-83-sub-mn-sub-0-06-sub-co-sub-0-11-sub-o-sub-2-sub?variant=31800758403130.