Creation of nanoporous TiO₂surface onto polyetheretherketone for effective immobilization and delivery of bone morphogenetic protein

Abstract This study evaluated the utility of the creation of a nanoporous TiO₂surface to enhance thein vitrobiocompatibility andin vivoosseoconductivity of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants by providing favorable sites for the effective immobilization of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2). A uniform nanoporous TiO₂layer with a pore diameter of ∼70 nm was successfully created by anodizing a Ti film, which had been deposited onto a PEEK substrate via electron beam (e‐beam) evaporation technique. This nanoporous, hydrophilic TiO₂surface enabled the efficient immobilization of BMP‐2, resulting in a remarkable enhancement inin vitrobiocompatibility that was assessed in terms of cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Thein vivoanimal tests also confirmed that the nanoporous TiO₂surface immobilized with BMP‐2 could significantly enhance the osseoconductivity of PEEK implants. The BMP‐immobilized PEEK implant with the nanoporous TiO₂surface showed much higher bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) ratio (60%) than the bare PEEK (30%), PEEK with the nanoporous TiO₂surface (50%) and even BMP‐immobilized PEEK without the nanoporous TiO₂surface (32%). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 793–800, 2014.