Synthesis Variants of Quaternary Ammonium Polyethyleneimine Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Efficacy in Dental Materials

Background Resin-based dental materials allow bacterial growth on their surface and lack antibacterial activity, leading to functional and esthetic failure. Quaternary ammonium polyethyleneimine (QPEI) nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated in resin-based composite at 2% wt/wt have demonstrated prolonged and complete inhibition of bacterial growth. This study focused on optimization of QPEI NP synthesis to reduce the concentration required for bacterial growth inhibition. The objective here was to enhance antimicrobial efficacy by excess base neutralization, using phosphoric or hydrochloric acid, and by using surfactants. Methods QPEI NP variants were prepared (i) under controlled neutralization of acid, using NaHCO ₃ , (ii) under controlled carbonate ion neutralization with HCl or H ₃ PO ₄ and (iii) by treatment with N-lauroylsarcosine or glycerol monostearate. NPs incorporated in the dental materials were examined for their antibacterial effect against Enterococcus faecalis. Results Controlled addition of NaHCO ₃ resulted in modified QPEI NPs with an increased ability to inhibit bacterial growth. Surface treatment with N-lauroylsarcosine resulted in enhanced antibacterial activity at 0.5% wt/wt concentration in acrylate and epoxy resin-based dental materials. Conclusions The antimicrobial efficacy of QPEI NP may be improved significantly by controlling the addition of NaHCO ₃ , neutralization of excess base and the surface-agent effect.