Modification of Concrete Mix Design with Crystalline Admixture for Self-healing Improvement
Source abstract
Abstract
Current practice reveals that no adaptation of self-healing concrete mix designs are made for the introduction of healing agents. However, the inclusion of healing agent may downgrade the concrete properties to some extent. Therefore, an optimization of mix design is necessary in order to eliminate the possible negative effects induced by the healing agents and also to potentially improve the self-healing and self-sealing abilities. In this paper, seven concrete mix designs were studied with crystalline admixture (CA) as a prospective healing agent to stimulate the autogenous healing mechanism. Several design parameters were opted namely (1) dosage of CA from 0 to 2% by cement mass, (2) water-cement (w/c) ratio between 0.46 and 0.52, and (3) cement content in the range of 320 to 360 kg/m3. The self-healing and self-sealing performances were investigated by the indicators of crack closure and the permeability rate, respectively. Results showed that the addition of CA demonstrated an advanced progress on the crack closure with increasing the healing time. The size of the crack considerably influenced healing performance. All in all, the effects of mix design parameters in terms of improvements of healing and sealing efficiencies are discussed and a recommendation for optimizing the mix design is proposed.
Source: openalex_inverted_index · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Microbial Applications in Construction Materials · Synthetic Organic Chemistry Methods · Concrete and Cement Materials Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
KU Leuven, Department of Civil Engineering, Materials and Constructions, Ghent Campus, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Del Hormigón (ICITECH), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
R&D Center, Cugla B.V., Rudonk 6b, 4824 AJ Breda, The Netherlands.
References (44)
Show source-provided references
1. 1) Al-Tabbaa, A., Litina, C., Giannaros, P., Kanellopoulos, A. and Souza, L., (2019). “First UK field application and performance of microcapsule-based self-healing concrete.” Construction and Building Materials, 208, 669-685.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.178 ↗
2. 2) Andalib, R., Abd Majid, M. Z., Hussin, M. W., Ponraj, M., Keyvanfar, A., Mirza, J. and Lee, H. S., (2016). “Optimum concentration of Bacillus megaterium for strengthening structural concrete.” Construction and Building Materials, 118, 180-193.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.142 ↗
3. 3) Anglani, G., Van Mullem, T., Tulliani, J.-M., Van Tittelboom, K., De Belie, N. and Antonaci, P., (2022). “Durability of self-healing cementitious systems with encapsulated polyurethane evaluated with a new pre-standard test method.” Materials and Structures, 55(5), 1-16.10.1617/s11527-021-01818-3 ↗
4. 4) Araújo, M., Chatrabhuti, S., Gurdebeke, S., Alderete, N., Van Tittelboom, K., Raquez, J. M., Cnudde, V., Van Vlierberghe, S., De Belie, N. and Gruyaert, E., (2018). “Poly(methyl methacrylate) capsules as an alternative to the ‘proof-of-concept’ glass capsules used in self-healing concrete.” Cement and Concrete Composites, 89, 260-271.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.02.015 ↗
5. 5) Azarsa, P., Gupta, R. and Biparva, A., (2019). “Assessment of self-healing and durability parameters of concretes incorporating crystalline admixtures and Portland limestone cement.” Cement and Concrete Composites, 99, 17-31.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.017 ↗
6. 6) De Belie, N., Gruyaert, E., Al-Tabbaa, A., Antonaci, P., Baera, C., Bajare, D., Darquennes, A., Davies, R., Ferrara, L., Jefferson, T., Litina, C., Miljevic, B., Otlewska, A., Ranogajec, J., Roig-Flores, M., Paine, K., Lukowski, P., Serna, P., Tulliani, J. M., Vucetic, S., Wang, J. and Jonkers, H. M., (2018). “A review of self-healing concrete for damage management of structures.” Advanced Materials Interfaces, 5(17), 1-28.10.1002/admi.201800074 ↗
7. 7) de Rooij, M., van Tittelboom, K., Belie, N. and Schlangen, E., (2013). “Self-healing phenomena in cement-based materials (State-of-the-art report of RILEM Technical Committee 221-SHC).” Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.10.1007/978-94-007-6624-2 ↗
8. 8) de Souza Oliveira, A., da Fonseca Martins Gomes, O., Ferrara, L., de Moraes Rego Fairbairn, E. and Toledo Filho, R. D., (2021). “An overview of a twofold effect of crystalline admixtures in cement-based materials: From permeability-reducers to self-healing stimulators.” Journal of Building Engineering, 41, 102400.10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102400 ↗
9. 9) Ferrara, L., Krelani, V. and Moretti, F., (2016). “On the use of crystalline admixtures in cement based construction materials: From porosity reducers to promoters of self healing.” Smart Materials and Structures, 25(8), 1-17.10.1088/0964-1726/25/8/084002 ↗
10. 10) García-Vera, V. E., Tenza-Abril, A. J., Saval, J. M. and Lanzón, M., (2018). “Influence of crystalline admixtures on the short-term behaviour of mortars exposed to sulphuric acid.” Materials, 12(1), 0082.10.3390/ma12010082 ↗
11. 11) Gruyaert, E., Van Tittelboom, K., Sucaet, J., Anrijs, J., Van Vlierberghe, S., Dubruel, P., De Geest, B. G., Remon, J. P. and De Belie, N., (2016). “Capsules with evolving brittleness to resist the preparation of self-healing concrete.” Materiales de Construccion, 66(323), e092.10.3989/mc.2016.07115 ↗
12. 12) Guzlena, S. and Sakale, G., (2019). “Self-healing concrete with crystalline admixture - A review.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 660, 012057.10.1088/1757-899X/660/1/012057 ↗
13. 13) Hermawan, H., Beltran, G. S., Wiktor, V., Serna, P. and Gruyaert, E., (2022). “Effect of healing agents on the rheological properties of cement paste and compatibility with superplasticizer.” MATEC Web of Conferences, 361, 05008.10.1051/matecconf/202236105008 ↗
14. 14) Hermawan, H., Minne, P., Brac, E. G., Wiktor, V., Serna, P. and Gruyaert, E., (2023). “Influence of crystalline admixtures and bacteria on the fresh properties of self-healing concrete.” In: J. I. Escalante-Garcia, P. C. Borges and A. Duran-Herrera, Eds. Proc. 75th RILEM Annual Week 2021 Conference (Advances in Sustainable Construction Materials and Structures), Merida, Mexico 29 August - 3 September 2021. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, 451-460.10.1007/978-3-031-21735-7_50 ↗
15. 15) Hermawan, H., Minne, P., Serna, P. and Gruyaert, E., (2021). “Understanding the impacts of healing agents on the properties of fresh and hardened self-healing concrete: A review.” Processes, 9(12), 2206.10.3390/pr9122206 ↗
16. 16) Hermawan, H., Wiktor, V., Serna, P. and Gruyaert, E., (2023). “Experimental investigation on the novel self-healing properties of concrete mixed with commercial bacteria-based healing agent.” In: A. Jedrzejewska, F. Kanavaris, M. Azenha, F. Benboudjema and D. Schlicke, Eds. Proc. International RILEM Conference on Synergising Expertise towards Sustainability and Robustness of Cement-Based Materials and Concrete Structures, Milos, Greece 14-16 June 2023. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Vol. 2, 841-852.10.1007/978-3-031-33187-9_77 ↗
17. 17) Jafarnia, M. S., Khodadad Saryazdi, M. and Moshtaghioun, S. M., (2020). “Use of bacteria for repairing cracks and improving properties of concrete containing limestone powder and natural zeolite.” Construction and Building Materials, 242, 118059.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118059 ↗
18. 18) Jonkers, H. M., Thijssen, A., Muyzer, G., Copuroglu, O. and Schlangen, E., (2010). “Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable concrete.” Ecological Engineering, 36(2), 230-235.10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.036 ↗
19. 19) Kanellopoulos, A., Giannaros, P. and Al-Tabbaa, A., (2016). “The effect of varying volume fraction of microcapsules on fresh, mechanical and self-healing properties of mortars.” Construction and Building Materials, 122, 577-593.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.119 ↗
20. 20) Kirby, D. M. and Biernacki, J. J., (2012). “The effect of water-to-cement ratio on the hydration kinetics of tricalcium silicate cements: Testing the two-step hydration hypothesis.” Cement and Concrete Research, 42(8), 1147-1156.10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.05.009 ↗
21. 21) Lee, H. X. D., Wong, H. S. and Buenfeld, N. R., (2016). “Self-sealing of cracks in concrete using superabsorbent polymers.” Cement and Concrete Research, 79, 194-208.10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.09.008 ↗
22. 22) Lee, K. M., Kim, H. S., Lee, D. K. and Shin, K. J., (2021). “Self-healing performance evaluation of concrete incorporating inorganic materials based on a water permeability test.” Materials, 14(12), 3202.10.3390/ma14123202 ↗
23. 23) Li, D., Chen, B., Chen, X., Fu, B., Wei, H. and Xiang, X., (2020). “Synergetic effect of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and crystalline admixture (CA) on mortar macro-crack healing.” Construction and Building Materials, 247, 118521.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118521 ↗
24. 24) Li, X., Li, D. and Xu, Y., (2019). “Modeling the effects of microcracks on water permeability of concrete using 3D discrete crack network.” Composite Structures, 210, 262-273.10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.11.034 ↗
25. 25) Li, Z., de Souza, L. R., Litina, C., Markaki, A. E. and Al-Tabbaa, A., (2020). “A novel biomimetic design of a 3D vascular structure for self-healing in cementitious materials using Murray’s law.” Materials and Design, 190, 108572.10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108572 ↗
26. 26) Manhanga, F. C., Rudžionis, Ž., Ivanauskas, E. and Augonis, A., (2022). “The investigations on properties of self-healing concrete with crystalline admixture and recycled concrete waste.” MATEC Web of Conferences, 364, 05002.10.1051/matecconf/202236405002 ↗
27. 27) Mors, R. M. and Jonkers, H. M., (2019). “Bacteria‐based self‐healing concrete : Evaluation of full scale demonstrator projects.” RILEM Technical Letters, 4, 138-144.10.21809/rilemtechlett.2019.93 ↗
28. 28) Mousavi, S. S., Ouellet-Plamondon, C. M., Guizani, L., Bhojaraju, C. and Brial, V., (2020). “On mitigating rebar-concrete interface damages due to the pre-cracking phenomena using superabsorbent polymers.” Construction and Building Materials, 253, 119181.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119181 ↗
29. 29) Nasim, M., Dewangan, U. K. and Deo, S. V., (2020). “Effect of crystalline admixture, fly ash, and PVA fiber on self-healing capacity of concrete.” Materials Today: Proceedings, 32-4, 844-849.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.062 ↗
30. 30) NBN, (2014). “Concrete - Specification, performance, production and conformity.” (Belgian Standard NBN EN 206).” Brussels, Belgium: Bureau for Standardization.
31. 31) NBN, (2018). “Concrete - Specification, performance, production and conformity - National supplement to NBN EN 206:2013+A1:2016 (Belgian Standard NBN B 15-001).” Brussels, Belgium: Bureau for Standardization.
32. 32) Neville, A., (2002). “Autogenous healing - A concrete miracle?” Concrete International, 24, 76-82.
33. 33) Paine, K., Alazhari, M., Sharma, T., Cooper, R. and Heath, A., (2016). “Design and performance of bacteria-based self-healing concrete.” In: M. Jones, M. Newlands, J. Halliday, L. Csetenyi, L. Zheng, M. McCarthy and T. Dyer, Eds. Proc. 9th International Concrete Conference 2016: Environment, Efficiency and Economic Challenges for Concrete, Dundee, Scotland 4-6 July 2016. Dundee: University of Dundee, 545-554.
34. 34) Pazderka, J. and Hájková, E., (2016). “Crystalline admixtures and their effect on selected properties of concrete.” Acta Polytechnica, 56, 306-311.10.14311/AP.2016.56.0306 ↗
35. 35) Penetron, (2024). “Durable concrete starts with Penetron admix [online].” Orlando, Florida, Penetron International. Available from: .
36. 36) ReSHEALience Project, (2018). “Final draft of recommendation on the use of crystalline admixtures, nanofibers, and nanocellulose for production of UHDC admix (No. D4-1).” Milano: Politecnico di Milano.
37. 37) Roig-Flores, M., Moscato, S., Serna, P. and Ferrara, L., (2015). “Self-healing capability of concrete with crystalline admixtures in different environments.” Construction and Building Materials, 86, 1-11.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.091 ↗
38. 38) Roig-Flores, M., Pirritano, F., Serna, P. and Ferrara, L., (2016). “Effect of crystalline admixtures on the self-healing capability of early-age concrete studied by means of permeability and crack closing tests.” Construction and Building Materials, 114, 447-457.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.196 ↗
39. 39) Shields, Y., Van Mullem, T., De Belie, N. and Van Tittelboom, K., (2021). “An investigation of suitable healing agents for vascular-based self-healing in cementitious materials.” Sustainability, 13(23), 12948.10.3390/su132312948 ↗
40. 40) Sisomphon, K., Copuroglu, O. and Koenders, E. A. B., (2012). “Self-healing of surface cracks in mortars with expansive additive and crystalline additive.” Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(4), 566-574.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.01.005 ↗
41. 41) Tsangouri, E., Van Loo, C., Shields, Y., De Belie, N., Van Tittelboom, K. and Aggelis, D. G., (2022). “Reservoir-vascular tubes network for self-healing concrete: Performance analysis by acoustic emission, digital image correlation and ultrasound velocity.” Applied Sciences, 12(10), 4821.10.3390/app12104821 ↗
42. 42) Tsukamoto, M. and Woener, J. D., (1991). “Permeability of cracked fibre-reinforced concrete.” Darmstadt Concrete: Annual Journal on Concrete and Concrete Structures, 6, 123-135.
43. 43) Van Mullem, T., Gruyaert, E., Caspeele, R. and De Belie, N., (2020). “First large scale application with self-healing concrete in Belgium: Analysis of the laboratory control tests.” Materials, 13(4), 0997.10.3390/ma13040997 ↗
44. 44) Wang, X. F., Yang, Z. H., Fang, C., Wang, W., Liu, J. and Xing, F., (2020). “Effect of carbonate-containing self-healing system on properties of a cementitious composite: Fresh, mechanical, and durability properties.” Construction and Building Materials, 235, 117442.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117442 ↗