Exceptional long-duration ablation tolerance over 2500 °C of C/ZrC–SiC–Cu ₃ Si–Cu interpenetrating composites

Abstract The development of materials capable of withstanding long-term ablation above 2500 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere remains a critical challenge. Although conventional C/ZrC–SiC composites show promise for ultra-high-temperature applications, they typically suffer from high ablation rates under prolonged exposure. To address this limitation, we fabricated novel C/ZrC–SiC–Cu₃Si–Cu composites by infiltrating a Zr–Si–Cu ternary melt into carbon fiber‑reinforced carbon aerogel (C/CA) preforms. This process resulted in the formation of a uniform, interpenetrating metal-ceramic matrix through the ceramization of CA accompanied by precipitation of Cu-containing phases from the melt. Relying on the sweat gland-like channel migration heat dissipation and evaporative heat removal of metallic phases as well as mechanical denudation resistance and oxygen diffusion inhibition of the Zr–Si–O layer, the composite exhibited exceptional long‑term ablation resistance. After 1200 s of oxyacetylene ablation at a surface temperature of 2557-2600 ℃ for the reference sample C/ZrC–SiC, it achieved ultralow mass and linear ablation rates of 0.0604 mg·cm⁻²·s⁻¹ and 0.1808 μm·s⁻¹, respectively, surpassing the benchmark performance of conventional C/ZrC–SiC as well as other reported ceramic matrix and ceramic-metal matrix composites under similar test conditions. Moreover, the composite demonstrated excellent mechanical properties, with a flexural strength of 194 ± 7 MPa, a fracture toughness of 11.8 ± 1.2 MPa·m¹/², and a work of fracture of 5315 ± 1232 J·m⁻², exceeding those of most of reaction‑melt‑infiltration derived C/ZrC–SiC. This favorable combination of ablation resistance and mechanical performance makes the composite a promising candidate for structural applications in extreme thermal-mechanical environments.