Controlling remelting processes for superalloys and aerospace Ti alloys
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OpenAlex topics: Metallurgical Processes and Thermodynamics · Advanced materials and composites · High Temperature Alloys and Creep
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References (29)
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1. S. Hara, H. Hashimoto, and K. Ogino, “Electrical Conductivity of Molten Slags for Electroslag Remelting,” Trans. ISIJ, 23 (1983), pp 1053–1058.10.2355/isijinternational1966.23.1053 ↗
2. S.F. Medina and M.P. de Andres, “Electrical Field in the Resistivity Medium (Slag) of the ESR Process: Influence on Ingot Production and Quality,” Institute of Metals, 2 (1987), pp 110–121.
3. K.C. Mills and J.S. Powell, “The Physicochemical Properties of Slags,” NPL Report Chem., 103 (11) (1979).
4. A. Mitchell, “The Chemistry of ESR Slags,” Canadian Met. Quarterly, 20 (1) (1981), pp. 101–112.10.1179/000844381795270453 ↗
5. J. Buckentin, “Melt Decontamination of Radioactive Stainless Steel by Electroslag Remelting,” Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon Graduate Institute (1996).
6. A. Mitchell and S. Joshi, “Some Observations on the Electrical and Thermal Properties of the Skag-Skin Region in the Electroslag Remelting Process,” Met. Trans., 2 (1971), pp. 449–455.10.1007/BF02663333 ↗
7. W.E. Duckworth and G. Hoyle, Electroslag Refining (London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1969).
8. A. Mitchell, “Electroslag and Vacuum Arc Remelting Processes,” Electric Furnace Steelmaking (Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1985), pp. 191–236.
9. J.E. Heilman, “The Effect of Process Parameters on the Thermal Paths during Moving Mold ESR,” Master degree thesis, Lehigh University (1997).
10. A. Mitchell, “Electroslag and Vacuum Arc Remelting Processes,” Electric Furnace Steelmaking (Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1985), p. 212.
11. W. Chi-Ho and A. Mitchell, “Changes in Composition During A.C. ESR,” Application of Mathematical and Physical Models in the Iron and Steel Industry (Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1982).
12. M.C. Flemings, Solidification Processing (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), p. 245.
13. R. Mehrabian, M. Keane, and M.C. Flemings, “Interdendritic Fluid Flow and Macrosegregation: Influence of Gravity,” Met. Trans. 1 (1970), pp. 1209–1220.10.1007/BF02900233 ↗
14. R.L. Williamson, F.J. Zanner, and S.M. Grose, “Arc Voltage Distribution Properties as a Function of Melting Current, Electrode Gap and CO Pressure During Vacuum Arc Remelting,” Met. and Mat. Trans. B, 28B (1997), pp. 841–53.10.1007/s11663-997-0012-8 ↗
15. D.E. Cooper and E.D. Dilling, “Method for Controlling Arc Length,” U.S. patent 2,904,718 (1959).
16. R.C. Buehl, “Electrode Regulators for Arc Melting Furnaces,” U.S. patent 2,915,572 (1959).
17. F.J. Zanner, “Metal Transfer During Vacuum Consumable Arc Remelting,” Met. Trans. B, 10B (1979), pp. 133–42. See also, R.L. Williamson and F.J. Zanner, “Voltage Signatures In VAR,” Proceedings Vacuum Metallurgy Conference, ed. N. Bhat, E.W. Bloore, and D.R. Malley (Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1992), pp. 87–91.10.1007/BF02652456 ↗
18. R.C. Buehl, “Electrode Regulator,” U.S. patent 3,143,587 (1964).
19. E.W. Johnson, “Vacuum Arc Furnace Control,” U.S. patent 2,942,045 (1960).
20. For the relation between drip-short frequency and other furnace parameters, see F.J. Zanner et al., “Relationship between Furnace Voltage Signatures and the Operational Parameters Arc Power, Arc Current, CO Pressure, and Electrode Gap during Vacuum Arc Melting INCONEL 718,” Met. Trans. B, 17B (1986), pp. 357–65. Also, F.J. Zanner, “Vacuum Consumable Arc Remelting Electrode Gap Control Strategies Based on Drop Short Properties,” Met. Trans. B, 12B (1981), pp. 721–28.10.1007/BF02655083 ↗
21. J.B. Murtland, Jr., C.F. Rebhun, and H.S. Jackson, “Metallurgical Furnace Control,” U.S. patent 3,186,043 (1965) and “Electrode Regulating System for Arc Melting Furnaces,” U.S. patent 3,187,078 (1965).
22. For examples, see R.W. Roberts, “Control System for Vacuum Arc Furnace,” U.S. patent 3,364,295 (1968); J.B. Murtland, Jr., H.S. Jackson, and C.F. Rebhun, “Electrode Regulating Systems for Arc Melting Furnaces,” U.S. patent 3,381,079 (1968); S.S. Harbaugh, D.C. McCarter, and P.A. Lajoie, “Control System for Consumable Electrode Furnace,” U.S. patent 3,385,920 (1968); and R.W. Fisher et al., “Drop Short Control Of Electrode Gap,” U.S. patent 4,578,795 (1986).
23. R.J. Roberts, “Method and Apparatus for Controlling Electrode Drive Speed in a Consumable Electrode Furnace,” U.S. patent 4,303,797 (1981) and “Automatic Melt Rate Control System for Consumable Electrode Remelting,” U.S. patent 4,131,754 (1978).
24. J.J. Beaman et al., “A Multiple Input Electrode Gap Controller for a Vacuum Arc Remelting Furnace,” Sandia National Laboratories patent disclosure number SD-5826, patent pending.
25. See any standard text on control engineering, for example K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970).
26. For a complete description of Kalman filters, see Applied Optimal Estimation, ed. A. Gelb (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1974).
27. R.L. Williamson, F.J. Zanner, and S.M. Grose, “Arc Voltage Distribution Skewness as an Indicator of Electrode Gap During Vacuum Arc Remelting,” Sandia National Laboratories patent disclosure number SD-5127, patent pending.
28. R.L. Williamson and S.M. Grose, “Ion Emission Intensity Ratios as a Function of Electrode Gap. Melting Current, and Pressure During Low Current Vacuum Arc Remelting,” Proceedings of The 1994 International Symposium on Liquid Metal Processing And Casting, ed. A. Mitchell and J. Fernihough (Santa Fe, NM: AVS, 1994), pp. 130–42. Also, R.L. Williamson, F.J. Zanner, and S.M. Grose, “Controlling Electrode Gap during Vacuum Arc Remelting At Low Melting Current,” U.S. patent 5,621,751 (1997).
29. C.L. Hysinger, “The Design and Implementation of a Multiple Input Electrode Gap Controller for a Vacuum Arc Remelting Furnace,” Masters degree thesis, University of Texas at Austin (1995).