Genomic and Metabolomic Profiling of Streptomyces anulatus 89: Molecular Phylogeny and Biosynthesis of Antitumor Antibiotics

Background: Soil streptomycetes, particularly those isolated from extreme environments, are valuable sources of bioactive compounds. Their genomes encode a large number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), many of which can be simultaneously expressed. Methods: Molecular genetic methods were employed to identify Streptomyces anulatus 89 (Illumina NovaSeq 2 × 150 bp). Whole-genome phylogeny based on orthologous genes was employed using the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Centre services. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of biomass extract was carried out to identify antibiotics. Bioassays on cell lines were employed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of the crude extract of the S. anulatus 89 strain. Results: Genome analysis identified 36 BGCs associated with secondary metabolites. The strain synthesized nactins, pladienolide, phenazinomycin, and 21-hydroxyoligomycin. The biomass extract demonstrated cytotoxicity against cancer cells and induced apoptosis. The A549 and A431 cell lines were the most sensitive. Changes in tumor cell morphology included rounding, shrinkage, increased granularity, and vacuolization. Conclusions: The ability of S. anulatus 89 to simultaneously synthesize different classes of anticancer antibiotics was reported. The investigated crude extract exhibited pronounced antitumor activity, making it a promising candidate for further studies. The underlying hypothesis suggested that strains with broad adaptive potential may serve as promising producers of natural products with antitumor properties.