journal article·2026-07-03Open access

Edge-Cloud V2X Telemetry Pipeline and Operator Dashboard for Site-Level Supervisory Monitoring of Autonomous Mobile Units in Outdoor Industrial Sites

Eun-Seong Pak, Bok-Joong Yoon, Kil-Soo Lee, Yong-Chul Cha, Hwa-Young Kim

Applied Sciences· Volume 16· Issue 13

Abstract

Outdoor industrial sites, including logistics terminals, construction yards, and civil infrastructure worksites, increasingly require supervisory systems for monitoring autonomous mobile units under variable wireless and operational conditions. This study presents an edge-cloud telemetry platform that connects V2X on-board and roadside units to a normalized data pipeline and an operator dashboard. The architecture assigns frame reception and data validation to the edge layer, while cloud services perform stream ingestion, storage, querying, and visualization using a Kafka-Elasticsearch-Grafana stack. A fixed supervisory schema was defined for position, heading, speed, mission state, battery level, and error flags so that virtual fields used in early validation can later be replaced by measured signals without changing downstream interfaces. Physical field validation was conducted using a single test vehicle in a construction-site emulation environment to evaluate communication continuity and dashboard refresh behavior. Multi-unit applicability was examined at the architecture and schema levels, and a preliminary payload-level capacity estimate was derived using the telemetry frequency and payload-length assumptions. Under the tested site conditions, the system maintained continuous reception and visualization over an approximately 700 m distance from the RSU-side reference location. The measured end-to-end display delay averaged 0.78 s, with a standard deviation of 0.059 s and a maximum of 0.96 s. Under a 10 Hz status-message condition, the estimated pure-payload traffic was approximately 23 kbps per mobile unit. These results indicate that V2X-based edge-cloud telemetry can provide a practical baseline for supervisory monitoring in outdoor industrial sites, while simultaneous multi-vehicle validation, detailed network-load evaluation, and long-term field testing remain necessary future work.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Network Time Synchronization Technologies · Age of Information Optimization · IoT and Edge/Fog Computing

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Korea Construction Equipment Technology Institute, 36 Sandan-ro, Gunsan-si 54004, Republic of Korea

School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea

Funding

Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy · Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

References (26)

Show source-provided references
1. Pak, E.-S., Kim, H.-Y., and Choi, J.-W. (J. Inst. Control Robot. Syst., 2026). Design and Implementation of a V2X-Based Supervisory Control Software Platform for Multiple Autonomous Mobilities in Port and Construction Sites: Development of Data Pipeline and Dashboard, J. Inst. Control Robot. Syst., in press.
2. Ahangar, M.N., Ahmed, Q.Z., Khan, F.A., and Hafeez, M. (2021). A Survey of Autonomous Vehicles: Enabling Communication Technologies and Challenges. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21030706 ↗
3. Kavas-Torris, O., Gelbal, S.Y., Cantas, M.R., Aksun Guvenc, B., and Guvenc, L. (2022). V2X Communication between Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Sensors, 22.10.3390/s22228941 ↗
4. Autonomous Driving under V2X Environment: State-of-the-Art Survey and Challenges
5. (2023). V2X Communications Message Set Dictionary (Standard No. J2735_202309).
6. (2019). Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 2: Specification of Cooperative Awareness Basic Service (Standard No. ETSI EN 302 637-2 V1.4.1).
7. (2024). Service Requirements for Enhanced V2X Scenarios, Release 18 (Standard No. TS 22.186).
8. Tahir, N., and Parasuraman, R. (2025). Edge Computing and Its Application in Robotics: A Survey. J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 14.10.3390/jsan14040065 ↗
9. A Survey of Research on Cloud Robotics and Automation10.1109/TASE.2014.2376492 ↗
10. Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., and Addepalli, S. (2012, January 17). Fog Computing and Its Role in the Internet of Things. Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, Helsinki, Finland.10.1145/2342509.2342513 ↗
11. Gherghe, A.-L., and Tudose, C. (2025). A Novel Framework for Evaluating Application Performance in Distributed Systems. Appl. Sci., 15.10.20944/preprints202511.0602.v1 ↗
12. Calderón, D., Folgado, F.J., González, I., and Calderón, A.J. (2024). Implementation and Experimental Application of Industrial IoT Architecture Using Automation and IoT Hardware/Software. Sensors, 24.10.3390/s24248074 ↗
13. Performance Evaluation of WAVE Communication Systems under a High-Speed Driving Condition in a Highway10.12815/kits.2013.12.3.96 ↗
14. Analysis of C-ITS Scenarios for Blind Spot Incidents at Intersections Using V2X Communication-Based Field Experiment10.12815/kits.2024.23.6.174 ↗
15. Overview of 5G-NR-V2X System and Analysis Methodology of Communication Performance
16. A Formal Analysis and Taxonomy of Task Allocation in Multi-Robot Systems10.1177/0278364904045564 ↗
17. A Comprehensive Taxonomy for Multi-Robot Task Allocation10.1177/0278364913496484 ↗
18. Stączek, P., Pizoń, J., Danilczuk, W., and Gola, A. (2021). A Digital Twin Approach for the Improvement of an Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMR’s) Operating Environment—A Case Study. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21237830 ↗
19. Toward Software-Defined Vehicles: From Model-Based Engineering to Virtualization-Based Deployment
20. (2026, April 28). The Kubernetes Authors. Kubernetes Documentation. Available online: https://kubernetes.io/docs/.
21. Docker Inc. (2026, April 28). Docker Documentation. Available online: https://docs.docker.com/.
22. Kreps, J., Narkhede, N., and Rao, J. (2011, January 12). Kafka: A Distributed Messaging System for Log Processing. Proceedings of the NetDB Workshop, Athens, Greece.
23. (2026, April 28). Elastic. Elasticsearch Guide. Available online: https://www.elastic.co/guide/.
24. Grafana Labs (2026, April 28). Grafana Documentation. Available online: https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/.
25. Grafana Labs (2026, April 28). Elasticsearch Data Source. Available online: https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/datasources/elasticsearch/.
26. Confluent (2026, April 28). Confluent REST Proxy for Apache Kafka Documentation. Available online: https://docs.confluent.io/platform/current/kafka-rest/index.html.