journal article·2026-02-03Open access

Effects of a Carbohydrate + Caffeine Beverage on Game Performance, Blood Glucose and Perceived Effort in Collegiate Women Soccer Players

Andrew R. Jagim, Abby Ambrosius, Makenna Carpenter, Joesi Krieger, Lochlan Charley, Jennifer B. Fields, Margaret T. Jones, Chad Kerksick

Applied Sciences· Volume 16· Issue 3

Abstract

Carbohydrate availability and caffeine ingestion have been shown to elicit improvements in performance independently of one another. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of a carbohydrate + caffeine beverage on performance and perceived effort in soccer players. Forty-three collegiate women’s soccer athletes were recruited to participate during a single day of simulated match play, in which each team played once. Athletes consumed either a carbohydrate + caffeine (Experimental) beverage or a control (Control) beverage (flavored water) during half-time in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized control trial design. Prior to and after each game, Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and blood glucose levels were assessed. Heart rate, training impulse (TRIMP), total distance covered, high-speed distance, and velocity were recorded. Blood glucose levels after the match simulation were positively associated with total distance (r = 0.434; p = 0.01), distance per minute (r = 0.439; p < 0.01), average velocity (r = 0.438; p = 0.01), and TRIMP (r = 0.404; p = 0.018) during the second half. There was a significant main effect for half regarding blood glucose (p < 0.001), total distance (p < 0.001), high-speed distance (p < 0.001), and TRIMP (p = 0.046). There was a significant half × condition effect for blood glucose (p = 0.05). Pairwise comparisons indicated the Experimental beverage condition resulted in a +27 mg/dL (95% CI: −3.6, 58.8) difference compared to the Control beverage following the 2nd Half. In the current study, consumption of the carbohydrate + caffeine beverage during half-time resulted in higher blood glucose levels post-game compared to placebo; however, the experimental beverage did not influence the total distance covered, average velocities, average heart rate, or TRIMP values during the second half of simulated match play.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Coffee research and impacts · Muscle metabolism and nutrition · Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA

Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI 54650, USA

Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA

Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA

Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA

References (36)

Show source-provided references
1. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Nutrient timing10.1186/s12970-017-0189-4 ↗
2. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: Research & recommendations10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y ↗
3. Nutrition in team sports10.1159/000322700 ↗
4. Mohr, M., Vigh-Larsen, J.F., and Krustrup, P. (2022). Muscle Glycogen in Elite Soccer—A Perspective on the Implication for Performance, Fatigue, and Recovery. Front. Sports Act. Living, 4.10.3389/fspor.2022.876534 ↗
5. Muscle glycogen and diet in elite soccer players10.1007/BF00430219 ↗
6. Metabolic fundamentals in exercise
7. Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: Implications for sprint performance10.1249/01.mss.0000222845.89262.cd ↗
8. Muscle glycogen degradation during simulation of a fatiguing soccer match in elite soccer players examined noninvasively by 13C-MRS10.1097/00005768-199911000-00014 ↗
9. Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise10.1093/jn/122.suppl_3.788 ↗
10. Carbohydrate-supplement form and exercise performance10.1123/ijsnem.18.2.179 ↗
11. Pueyo, M., Llodio, I., Camara, J., Castillo, D., and Granados, C. (2024). Influence of Carbohydrate Intake on Different Parameters of Soccer Players’ Performance: Systematic Review. Nutrients, 16.10.3390/nu16213731 ↗
12. International society of sports nutrition position stand: Caffeine and exercise performance10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4 ↗
13. Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Physical Performance of Soccer Players: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis10.1177/1941738121998712 ↗
14. Del Coso, J., Munoz-Fernandez, V.E., Munoz, G., Fernandez-Elias, V.E., Ortega, J.F., Hamouti, N., Barbero, J.C., and Munoz-Guerra, J. (2012). Effects of a caffeine-containing energy drink on simulated soccer performance. PLoS ONE, 7.10.1371/journal.pone.0031380 ↗
15. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement
16. Watso, J.C., and Farquhar, W.B. (2019). Hydration Status and Cardiovascular Function. Nutrients, 11.10.3390/nu11081866 ↗
17. Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: Physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests10.1136/bjsm.2006.033860 ↗
18. Fluid loss and body composition of elite Kuwaiti soccer players during a soccer match
19. The influence of fluid ingestion on performance of soccer players during a match
20. The influence of caffeine and carbohydrate coingestion on simulated soccer performance10.1123/ijsnem.20.3.191 ↗
21. Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Calleja-Gonzalez, J., Del Coso, J., Urdampilleta, A., Leon-Guereno, P., and Fernandez-Lazaro, D. (2019). Caffeine Supplementation and Physical Performance, Muscle Damage and Perception of Fatigue in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 11.10.3390/nu11020440 ↗
22. Delleli, S., Ouergui, I., Messaoudi, H., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Glenn, J.M., and Chtourou, H. (2022). Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Physical Performance, Physiological Responses, Perceived Exertion, and Technical-Tactical Skills in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14.10.3390/nu14142996 ↗
23. Perceived exertion related to heart rate and blood lactate during arm and leg exercise10.1007/BF00424810 ↗
24. Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework10.1123/ijspp.2021-0451 ↗
25. Banister, E. (1991). Modeling Elite Athletic Performance in Physiological Testing of Elite Athletes, Human Kinetics.
26. Training load quantification in elite swimmers using a modified version of the training impulse method10.1080/17461391.2014.922621 ↗
27. Accuracy and reliability of the Nova StatStrip(R) glucose meter for real-time blood glucose determinations during glucose clamp studies10.1177/193229681000400519 ↗
28. Vincent, W. (2005). Statistics for Kinesiology, Human Kinetics. [3rd ed.].
29. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavorial Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.].
30. Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes10.1249/01.mss.0000188449.18968.62 ↗
31. Harty, P.S., Zabriskie, H.A., Stecker, R.A., Currier, B.S., Tinsley, G.M., Surowiec, K., Jagim, A.R., Richmond, S.R., and Kerksick, C.M. (2020). Caffeine Timing Improves Lower-Body Muscular Performance: A Randomized Trial. Front. Nutr., 7.10.3389/fnut.2020.585900 ↗
32. What Should We Do About Habitual Caffeine Use in Athletes?10.1007/s40279-018-0980-7 ↗
33. Metabolic response and fatigue in soccer10.1123/ijspp.2.2.111 ↗
34. Elevated muscle glycogen and anaerobic energy production during exhaustive exercise in man10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019161 ↗
35. The use of carbohydrates during exercise as an ergogenic aid10.1007/s40279-013-0079-0 ↗
36. Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: A meta-analysis10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00445.x ↗