journal article·2026-01-14Open access

Design and Thermal Evaluation of a Soft Textile System with a Removable Gel Cooling Panel

Radostina A. Angelova, Lilia Belova, Daniela Sofronova, Elena Borisova

Applied Sciences· Volume 16· Issue 2

Abstract

The study presents the thermal evaluation of soft knitted textile systems with removable gel cooling panels. Two prototype configurations with different geometries and gel panel sizes were investigated using infrared thermography under controlled laboratory conditions. The results show a moderated and gradual cooling response during contact. The strongest surface cooling occurred shortly after contact, followed by a gradual increase in the surface temperature of the textile system due to heat transfer from the skin-temperature simulator. While the temperature of the skin-temperature simulator stabilised rapidly, the textile surface maintained a perceptible cooling effect over a longer period. Surface temperatures remained within ranges associated with comfort and safety under the applied experimental conditions. The findings indicate that system geometry and gel panel size influence heat exchange, while the knitted textile structure contributes to the observed cooling behaviour of the complete system. The results support the potential of knitted textile systems with removable gel cooling panels for gentle, localised cooling applications in controlled, non-clinical settings.
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Research context

OpenAlex topics: Textile materials and evaluations · Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials · Thermoregulation and physiological responses

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Hydroaerodynamics and Hydraulic Machines, Technical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria

Miracle Centre of Competence Lab “Intelligent Mechatronic Solutions in Textiles and Clothing” (MeTex), Technical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria

Centre for Research and Design in Human Comfort, Energy and Environment (CERDECEN), Technical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria

Department of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Technical College—Sofia, Technical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria

Funding

The European Union—NextGenerationEU, through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria

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