journal article·2026-01-14Open access

An Industry-Ready Machine Learning Ontology

Bernhard G. Humm

Applied Sciences· Volume 16· Issue 2

Abstract

This article presents an industry-ready ontology for the machine learning domain, which is named “ML Ontology”. While based on lightweight modelling languages, ML ontology provides novel features including built-in queries and quality assurance, as well as sophisticated reasoning. With ca. 700 individuals that define key ML concepts and ca. 5000 RDF triples, ML Ontology ranks among the largest domain-specific ontologies for ML. An experiment to estimate the correctness and completeness of ML terminology included in ML Ontology indicates an F1-score of 0.83. A benchmark evaluating query performance reveals query response times far below 100 ms even for complex queries and memory consumption below 3.5 MB. Its industry-readiness is demonstrated by benchmarks as well as two use case implementations within a data science platform. ML Ontology is open source and published under an MIT license.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Semantic Web and Ontologies · Scientific Computing and Data Management · Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Computer Science, Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Schöfferstr. 3, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany

References (36)

Show source-provided references
1. A translation approach to portable ontology specifications10.1006/knac.1993.1008 ↗
2. Publio, G.C., Ławrynowicz, A., Esteves, D., Panov, P., Soldatova, L., Soru, T., Vanschoren, J., and Zafar, H. (2018). ML-schema: Exposing the semantics of machine learning with schemas and ontologies. arXiv.
3. Ontology of core data mining entities10.1007/s10618-014-0363-0 ↗
4. The data mining optimization ontology10.1016/j.websem.2015.01.001 ↗
5. Vanschoren, J., and Soldatova, L. (2010, January 24). Exposé: An ontology for data mining experiments. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Third Generation Data Mining: Towards Service-Oriented Knowledge Discovery (SoKD-2010), Barcelona, Spain.
6. Anikin, D., Borisenko, O., and Nedumov, Y. (2019, January 13–14). Labeled property graphs: SQL or NoSQL?. Proceedings of the 2019 Ivannikov Memorial Workshop (IVMEM), Velikiy Novgorod, Russia.10.1109/IVMEM.2019.00007 ↗
7. Knowledge graphs10.1145/3447772 ↗
8. New directions for applied knowledge-based AI and machine learning: Selected results of the 2022 Dagstuhl Workshop on Applied Machine Intelligence10.1007/s00287-022-01513-9 ↗
9. Kifer, M., and Lausen, G. (June, January 31). F-logic: A higher-order language for reasoning about objects, inheritance, and scheme. Proceedings of the 1989 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data, Portland, OR, USA.10.1145/67544.66939 ↗
10. Bense, H., and Humm, B.G. (2021, January 25–27). An Extensible Approach to Multi-level Ontology Modelling. Proceedings of the KMIS, Online.10.5220/0010684200003064 ↗
11. Baylor, D., Breck, E., Cheng, H.T., Fiedel, N., Foo, C., Haque, S., Haykal, Z., Liu, A., Córdoba, M., and Mewald, M. (2017, January 13–17). TFX: A TensorFlow-Based Production-Scale Machine Learning Platform. Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Halifax, NS, Canada.10.1145/3097983.3098021 ↗
12. Gómez-Pérez, A., Fernández-López, M., and Corcho, O. (2004). Ontological Engineering: With Examples from the Areas of Knowledge Management, e-Commerce and the Semantic Web, Springer.
13. Fernandez-Lopez, M., Gomez-Perez, A., and Juristo, N. (1997, January 24–26). METHONTOLOGY: From Ontological Art towards Ontological Engineering. Proceedings of the AAAI97 Spring Symposium, Stanford, CA, USA.
14. Huth, M., and Ryan, M. (2004). Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and Reasoning About Systems, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].10.1017/CBO9780511810275 ↗
15. (2026, January 06). SPARQL 1.1 Update. W3C Recommendation. Available online: https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-update/.
16. (2026, January 06). OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Profiles (Second Edition). W3C Recommendation. Available online: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-profiles/.
17. (2026, January 06). SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference. W3C Recommendation. Available online: https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/.
18. Calvanese, D., Cogrel, B., Komla-Ebri, S., Kontchakov, R., Lanti, D., Rezk, M., Rodriguez-Muro, M., and Xiao, G. (2017, January 21–25). Ontop: Answering SPARQL Queries over Relational Databases. Proceedings of the 2017 International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), Vienna, Austria.
19. Ontology-based meta automl10.3233/ICA-220684 ↗
20. Humm, B.G., and Zender, A. (2021, January 25–27). An ontology-based concept for meta AutoML. Proceedings of the IFIP International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece.10.1007/978-3-030-79150-6_10 ↗
21. Feurer, M., Klein, A., Eggensperger, K., Springenberg, J., Blum, M., and Hutter, F. (2015, January 7–12). Efficient and Robust Automated Machine Learning. Proceedings of the Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada.
22. Iliadis, L., Maglogiannis, I., Alonso, S., Jayne, C., and Pimenidis, E. (2023). Towards Improved User Experience for Artificial Intelligence Systems. Proceedings of the Engineering Applications of Neural Networks, Springer.10.1007/978-3-031-34204-2 ↗
23. Zender, A., Humm, B.G., and Holzheuser, A. (2024, January 8–11). Enhancing User Experience in Artificial Intelligence Systems: A Practical Approach. Proceedings of the FedCSIS Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems, Belgrade, Serbia.
24. Knublauch, H., and Kontokostas, D. (2026, January 06). Shapes Constraint Language (SHACL). Available online: https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/REC-shacl-20170720/.
25. Carral, D., Dragoste, I., Krötzsch, M., and Urbani, J. (2019, January 9–13). VLog: A Rule Engine for Knowledge Graphs. Proceedings of the ISWC, London, UK.10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_2 ↗
26. OWL Reasoning with WebPIE: A Web-scale Parallel Inference Engine
27. Baader, F., Calvanese, D., McGuinness, D.L., Nardi, D., and Patel-Schneider, P.F. (2007). The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation and Applications, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].10.1017/CBO9780511711787 ↗
28. Alobaid, A., Parsia, B., Sattler, U., Schneider, T., and Glimm, B. (2020, January 14–17). OWL2Bench: A Benchmark for OWL Reasoners. Proceedings of the International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC), Online.
29. Consortium, L. (2020). Benchmark Design for Reasoning; Technical Report, Deliverable D4.4.2, Linked Data Benchmark Council.
30. Optimizing SPARQL Query Answering over OWL Ontologies10.1613/jair.3872 ↗
31. Glimm, B., and Ogbuji, C. (2012, January 3–8). SPARQL Query Answering over OWL Ontologies. Proceedings of the Reasoning Web, Vienna, Austria.
32. Rozenberg, G. (1997). Handbook of Graph Grammars and Computing by Graph Transformation, World Scientific.10.1142/9789812384720 ↗
33. Techentin, R., Gilbert, B., Lugowski, A., Deweese, K., and Gilbert, J. (2014, January 28). Implementing Iterative Algorithms with SPARQL. Proceedings of the EDBT/ICDT 2014 Joint Conference Workshops, Athens, Greece.
34. Hogan, A., Reutter, J.L., and Soto, A. (2020). Recursive SPARQL for Graph Analytics. arXiv.
35. Schmidt, M., Meier, M., and Lausen, G. (2010, January 13–19). Foundations of SPARQL Query Optimization. Proceedings of the ICDT, Athens, Greece.10.1145/1804669.1804675 ↗
36. Faria, D., Pesquita, C., Santos, E., Palmonari, M., Cruz, I.F., and Couto, F.M. (2013, January 21–22). The AgreementMakerLight Ontology Matching System. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Ontology Matching (OM 2013), Sydney, Australia.10.1007/978-3-642-41030-7_38 ↗