Integrating Ski Material Properties with Skier Dynamics for a Personalization Algorithm
Source abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present an integrated approach to ski personalization by combining a detailed material and geometric characterization of ski structure with real-time on-slope dynamic performance data. Longitudinal and torsional stiffness were selected as the basic material parameters for a wide range of skis with different application profiles. Acceleration graphs for turns were synchronized with video footage recorded by a drone, which provided real-time monitoring of the skiers’ actual course and facilitated the precise correlation between kinematic data and on-slope performance. To estimate style similarity between different skiers, the Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized due to its robust mathematical properties. Comprehensive analyses helped to finally formulate a multistage ski personalization algorithm.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Winter Sports Injuries and Performance · Sports Performance and Training · Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
Institute of Mathematics, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
Funding
Łódź University of Technology
References (35)
Show source-provided references
1. A Method for Measuring the Bending and Torsional Stiffness Distributions of Alpine Skis10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.326 ↗
2. De Gobbi, M., and Petrone, N. (2008, January 2–6). Structural behaviour of slalom skis in bending and torsion. Proceedings of the 7th ISEA Conference, Biarritz, France.10.1007/978-2-287-09413-2_77 ↗
3. Beuken, L.G., Priest, J.L., Hainsworth, T., and Humbert, J.S. (2024). Distributed IMU Sensors for In-Field Dynamic Measurements on an Alpine Ski. Sensors, 24.10.3390/s24061805 ↗
4. Thorwartl, C., Kröll, J., Tschepp, A., Schäffner, P., Holzer, H., and Stöggl, T. (2021). A Novel Sensor Foil to Measure Ski Deflections: Development and Validation of a Curvature Model. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21144848 ↗
5. Heinrich, D., Mössner, M., Kaps, P., Schretter, H., and Nachbauer, W. (2006). Influence of Ski Bending Stiffness on the Turning Radius of Alpine Skis at Different Edging Angles and Velocities. The Engineering of Sport 6, Springer.10.1007/978-0-387-46051-2_37 ↗
6. Mössner, M., Heinrich, D., Kaps, P., Schretter, H.D., and Nachbauer, W. (2006). Effects of Ski Stiffness in a Sequence of Ski Turns, Science and Skiing IV, Meyer & Meyer.
7. Effect of load, ski and snow properties on apparent contact area and pressure distribution in straight gliding10.1016/j.coldregions.2023.103799 ↗
8. Insightful skiing: Developing explainable models of on-snow performance through physical attribute selection of alpine skis10.1007/s12283-025-00511-w ↗
9. Supej, M., Kalén, A., Verdel, N., Ogrin, J., and Holmberg, H.-D. (2023). The Contribution of Ski Poles to Aerodynamic Drag in Alpine Skiing. Appl. Sci., 13.10.3390/app13148152 ↗
10. Frant, M., Kachel, S., and Maślanka, W. (2023). Gust modeling with state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and its influence on the aerodynamic characteristics of an unmanned aerial vehicle. Energies, 16.10.3390/en16196847 ↗
11. Experimental and numerical determination of the aerodynamic characteristics of a cruise missile model10.5604/01.3001.0054.6151 ↗
12. Maślanka, P., and Korycki, R. (2024). Material, Aerodynamic, and Operational Aspects of Single-Skin Paraglider. Materials, 17.10.3390/ma17225553 ↗
13. Biomechanical factors influencing the performance of elite alpine ski racers
14. Kranzinger, C., Kranzinger, S., Hollauf, E., Rieser, H., and Stöggl, T. (2024). Skiing quality analysis of recreational skiers based on IMU data and self-assessment. Front. Sports Act. Living, 6.10.3389/fspor.2024.1495176 ↗
15. Monitoring the Performance of Alpine Skiers with Inertial Motion Units: Practical and Methodological Considerations10.1007/s42978-021-00108-2 ↗
16. Russo, C., Puppo, E., Roati, S., and Somà, A. (2022). Proposal of an Alpine Skiing Kinematic Analysis with the Aid of Miniaturized Monitoring Sensors, a Pilot Study. Sensors, 22.10.3390/s22114286 ↗
17. Connected skiing: Validation of edge angle and radial force estimation as motion quality parameters during alpine skiing10.1080/17461391.2021.1970236 ↗
18. Neuwirth, C., Snyder, C., Kremser, W., Brunauer, R., Holzer, H., and Stöggl, T. (2020). Classification of Alpine Skiing Styles Using GNSS and Inertial Measurement Units. Sensors, 20.10.3390/s20154232 ↗
19. Gyro-Free Inertial Measurement Unit with Unfettered Accelerometer Array Distribution and for the Object with Position Change in Center of Gravity10.1109/JSEN.2021.3054381 ↗
20. Nilsson, R., Theos, A., Lindberg, A.-S., and Malm, C. (2025). Predicting competitive alpine skiing performance by multivariable statistics—The need for individual profiling. Front. Sports Act. Living, 6.10.3389/fspor.2024.1505482 ↗
21. Elan Skis (2018). Smart Ski Prototype with Embedded Sensors, Elan d.o.o.. Technical White Paper.
22. (2025, November 12). Carv 2 Digital Ski Coach: Sensors. Available online: https://getcarv.com/sensors.
23. Matsumura, S., Ohta, K., Yamamoto, S., Koike, Y., and Kimura, T. (2021). Comfortable and convenient turning skill assessment for alpine skiers using IMU and plantar pressure distribution sensors. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21030834 ↗
24. A systems approach to sustainable technical product design10.1111/jiec.12000 ↗
25. Božák, T., Müller, M., Kolář, V., Tichý, M., Svobodová, J., and Michna, Š. (2022). Research on low-cycle fatigue engineered hybrid sandwich ski construction. Polymers, 14.10.3390/polym14112278 ↗
26. Rosiak, D. (2010). Skid for Moving on Snow, Ice and Water. (Patent WO 2010 087728 A4).
27. Tuning the torsional stiffness of aluminum ski laminates using soft materials and cut patterns10.1007/s12283-025-00508-5 ↗
28. Estimating ski orientation using IMUs in alpine skiing10.36950/2024.3ciss004 ↗
29. (2023). HOBOware Pendant G Acceleration Data Logger (UA-004-64) User Manual, Onset Computer Corporation.
30. The Choquet-like operator with respect to an admissible order as a tool for aggregating multivalued data10.1016/j.fss.2024.109197 ↗
31. Development of alpine skis using FE simulations10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.314 ↗
32. Composite ski boards: Parametric geometric modelling and finite element analysis of ski-snow contact dynamics10.1016/j.jcomc.2024.100548 ↗
33. Sensitivity of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Paraglider Wing to Properties of Covering Material10.2478/aut-2020-0010 ↗
34. Maślanka, P., Aleksieiev, A., Korycki, R., Szafrańska, H., and Dąbrowska, A. (2022). Experimental and numerical determination of strength characteristics related to paraglider wing with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of applied materials. Materials, 15.10.3390/ma15207291 ↗
35. Maślanka, P., Szafrańska, H., Aleksieiev, A., Korycki, R., Kaziur, P., and Dąbrowska, A. (2023). Influence of material degradation on deformation of paraglider during flight. Materials, 16.10.3390/ma16155396 ↗