Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Based Comparative Analysis of Maxillary Canine Morphometry and Morphology Between Saudi and Spanish Populations

Background: The maxillary canine is considered a cornerstone tooth that plays an important role in aesthetics and function. This study compared the morphometric measurements and morphology of maxillary canines between Saudi and Spanish populations using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: A total of 100 CBCT scans (50 patients from King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, and 50 patients from University of Barcelona Dental Hospital, Spain) were analyzed in this retrospective cross-sectional study conducted between May and September 2025. The study examined root length, mesiodistal and buccopalatal dimensions, root canal curvatures, apical foramen position, and canal morphology. Results: Canines from the Spanish population were significantly longer than those from the Saudi population (16.9 ± 2.2 mm vs. 13.2 ± 2.5 mm, p < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed in mesiodistal and buccopalatal dimensions. Both groups primarily exhibited mild root canal curvatures and buccally placed foramina. However, the prevalence of palatal foramina (20% vs. 8%, p = 0.04) and oval/ribbon morphologies (52%/12% vs. 22%/6%, p = 0.01) was higher in the Spanish population. The Saudi population showed a greater prevalence of round or irregular canals. The Spanish group was identified as an independent predictor of root length (β = +3.7 mm, p < 0.001), oval canal morphology (odds ratio = 3.8, p = 0.005), and palatal foramina (relative risk ratio = 2.5, p = 0.04). Conclusion: The Spanish population exhibited longer canine roots, associated with oval or ribbon-shaped canal morphologies. In contrast, the Saudi canines displayed shorter length, with more rounded or irregular morphologies.