One-Dimensional Simulation of PM Deposition and Regeneration in Particulate Filters: Optimal Conditions for PM Oxidation in GPF Considering Oxygen Concentration and Temperature
Source abstract
Abstract
This study presents a one-dimensional numerical simulation of particulate matter (PM) oxidation and regeneration behavior in gasoline particulate filters (GPFs) under Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC) conditions. The model incorporates both catalyst activity—represented by activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A)—and exhaust control strategies involving forced fuel cut (FC). PM deposition and oxidation were simulated based on solid-state and gas-phase reactions, with the effects of oxygen concentration and temperature analyzed in detail. The results show that under high catalyst activity (E = 100 kJ mol−1, A = 6.2 × 107), PM oxidation proceeds efficiently even during medium-speed phases, achieving a 98.8% oxidation rate after one WLTC. Conversely, conventional catalysts (E = 120 kJ mol−1, A = 6.2 × 106) exhibited limited regeneration, leaving 0.11 g of residual PM. Introducing forced FC effectively enhanced oxidation by increasing oxygen concentration to 20% and sustaining heat release. A single continuous 100 s FC yielded the highest oxidation (96% reduction), while split FCs reduced peak PM accumulation. These findings demonstrate that optimizing the balance between catalyst activity and FC control can significantly improve GPF regeneration performance, providing a practical strategy for PM reduction in GDI vehicles under real driving conditions.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Catalytic Processes in Materials Science · Aerosol Filtration and Electrostatic Precipitation · Air Quality and Health Impacts
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
IMaSS, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
Funding
JSPS KAKENHI · Creation of Life Innovation Materials for Interdisciplinary and International Researcher Development of the MEXT
References (35)
Show source-provided references
1. A European Regulatory Perspective towards a Euro 7 Proposal10.4271/2022-37-0032 ↗
2. Impact of the Proposed Euro 7 Regulations on Exhaust Aftertreatment System Design
3. Analysis of the Euro 7 on-board emissions monitoring concept with real-driving data10.1016/j.trd.2024.104062 ↗
4. Giechaskiel, B., Melas, A., Valverde, V., Otura, M., and Martini, G. (2022). Challenging Conditions for Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPFs). Catalysts, 12.10.3390/catal12010070 ↗
5. (2025, November 01). National Institute for Environmental Studies, Research Project Report No. 123. (In Japanese).
6. Ultrafine particles: Unique physicochemical properties relevant to health and disease10.1038/s12276-020-0405-1 ↗
7. Particulate Matter Regulations and the Need for Modeling
8. Giechaskiel, B., Valverde, V., Kontses, A., Melas, A., Martini, G., Balazs, A., Andersson, J., Samaras, Z., and Dilara, P. (2021). Particle Number Emissions of a Euro 6d-Temp Gasoline Vehicle with GPF under Wide Range of Conditions. Catalysts, 11.10.3390/catal11050607 ↗
9. Reduction of Particle Emissions from Gasoline Vehicles with Direct Fuel Injection Systems Using a Gasoline Particulate Filter10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.362 ↗
10. Diesel Particulate Filter Design Simulation: A Review10.1177/1687814016637328 ↗
11. Characterization of Real-Time Particle Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicle Equipped with a Catalyzed Gasoline Particulate Filter During Filter Regeneration10.1007/s40825-016-0033-3 ↗
12. Dicarboxylic Acid Emissions from a GDI Engine Equipped with a Catalytic GPF10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117940 ↗
13. Wang, J., Yan, F., Fang, N., Yan, D., Zhang, G., Wang, Y., and Yang, W. (2020). An Experimental Investigation of the Impact of Washcoat Composition on Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF) Performance. Energies, 13.10.3390/en13030693 ↗
14. Effect of Oxidation Temperature on Oxidation Reactivity and Nanostructure of Particulate Matter from a China VI GDI Vehicle10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118461 ↗
15. Effect of Different Aging Conditions on the Soot Oxidation by Thermogravimetric Analysis10.1021/acsomega.0c04482 ↗
16. Comparison of Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) and Port Fuel Injection (PFI) Vehicle Emissions: Emission Certification Standards, Cold-Start, Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential, and Potential Climate Impacts10.1021/acs.est.6b06509 ↗
17. Modeling of the Soot Oxidation in Gasoline Particulate Filters10.4271/2015-01-1048 ↗
18. Oxidation of Soot (Printex® U) in Particulate Filters Operated on Gasoline Engines10.1007/s40825-015-0011-1 ↗
19. Modeling the Thermal and Soot Oxidation Dynamics Inside a Ceria-Coated Gasoline Particulate Filter10.1016/j.conengprac.2019.104199 ↗
20. Dong, R., Zhang, Z., Ye, Y., Huang, H., and Cao, C. (2022). Review of Particle Filters for Internal Combustion Engines. Processes, 10.10.3390/pr10050993 ↗
21. Reinharter, C. (2015). Investigation of Gasoline Particulate Filters (GPF) System Requirements and Their Integration in Future Passenger Car Series Applications. [Master’s Thesis, University of Graz].
22. The Oxidation of Soot: A Review of Experiments, Mechanisms and Models10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00109-9 ↗
23. Meloni, E., and Palma, V. (2020). Most Recent Advances in Diesel Engine Catalytic Soot Abatement: Structured Catalysts and Alternative Approaches. Catalysts, 10.10.3390/catal10070745 ↗
24. Lisi, L., Landi, G., and Di Sarli, V. (2020). The Issue of Soot–Catalyst Contact in Regeneration of Catalytic Diesel Particulate Filters. Catalysts, 10.10.3390/catal10111307 ↗
25. Experimental Investigation of Diesel Soot Oxidation Reactivity Along the Exhaust After-Treatment System Components10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121047 ↗
26. Kinetic Analysis of Devolatilized Diesel-Soot Oxidation Catalyzed by Ag/Al2O3 and Ag/CeO2 Using Isoconversional and Master-Plots Techniques10.1021/acsomega.3c02971 ↗
27. Microstructure of Diesel Soot Particles Probed by Electron Microscopy First Observation of Inner Core and Outer Shell10.1016/S0010-2180(96)00206-4 ↗
28. The role of NO2 and O2 in the oxidation of diesel soot over Pt catalysts10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.01.004 ↗
29. Impact of Fuel Formulation on the Nanostructure and Reactivity of Diesel Soot
30. Nakamura, M., and Ozawa, M. (2019). Phenomena of PM Deposition and Oxidation in Diesel Particulate Filters, SAE International. SAE Technical Paper.10.4271/2019-01-2288 ↗
31. Numerical Calculation of PM Trapping and Oxidation of Particulate Filter-Considering Operation Mode of the Engine
32. Nakamura, M., Yokota, K., and Ozawa, M. (2025). Numerical Calculation Optimization for PM Trapping and Oxidation of Catalytic DPF. Appl. Sci., 15.10.3390/app15052356 ↗
33. Development of Converter Model for Catalysts in Particulate Filters
34. Electron microscopic time-lapse visualization of surface cavity filtration in the particulate matter trapping process10.1111/jmi.12386 ↗
35. Flow and heat transfer characteristics of regenerative cooling channels using supercritical CO2 with circular tetrahedral lattice structures10.1016/j.csite.2025.106204 ↗