Implementation of an Interactive Clinical Simulator Based on Facial Anatomy: An Enhanced Model for Injection Training

Minimally invasive facial procedures are widely performed in clinical medicine but remain associated with severe complications such as necrosis or blindness, often resulting from insufficient anatomical understanding and limited procedural training. To address these challenges, this study developed an anatomically accurate clinical simulator for facial injection training. A three-dimensional polygonal facial model was constructed using standardized anatomical datasets reflecting skeletal dimensions, soft tissue characteristics and the average arterial distribution of East Asian faces. This model was integrated into simulation software connected to a facial silicone dummy with realistic tissue texture and an optical tracking system providing sub-millimeter precision. Each anatomical structure, including muscles, vessels and nerves, was digitally annotated and linked to interactive visualization tools. During training, the simulator simultaneously reflected the real-time needle trajectory and insertion depth; when the needle tip approached a high-risk structure, such as the supraorbital artery, alerts were automatically triggered. This feedback enabled trainees to recognize unsafe injection zones and adjust their technique accordingly. The system provided a realistic, repeatable and safe environment for improving anatomical comprehension and procedural accuracy. This study proposes an innovative applied simulation system that may enhance medical education and clinical safety in facial injection procedures.