journal article·2025-11-24Open access

Integration of a Fluoride- and Mint-Based Spray in Nighttime Aligner Therapy: Effects on Salivary Concentration and Biofilm

Francesca Cremonini, Anna Bernardi, Alberto Bernardi, Luca Lombardo

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 23

Abstract

Continuous use of clear aligners modifies the oral environment and may favor bacterial colonization. Integration of topical fluoride-based agents could strengthen enamel and reduce biofilm formation. This study evaluated the effects of a galenic fluoride-mint spray (225–250 ppm fluoride and 1–2% peppermint essential oil) on salivary fluoride concentration and bacterial biofilm during orthodontic treatment. Ten patients using 3D-printed nighttime aligners were enrolled. Saliva samples were analyzed with an ion-selective electrode (ISE) at baseline, immediately after inserting the sprayed aligners and after 15, 30, 45 min post application. Biofilm morphology was qualitatively assessed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) in three aligners: unused, worn 14 nights without spray, worn 14 nights with spray. Salivary fluoride increased from 0.7–0.8 mg/L at baseline to 5.96 mg/L when the spray was applied on a new aligner and 8.42 mg/L on a used aligner, then progressively decreased, returning close to baseline at 45 min with the new aligner and remaining higher with the used aligner. SEM images showed mature and heterogeneous biofilm on used aligners without the spray, while aligners with nightly spray application exhibited qualitatively reduced and less organized surface deposits. The fluoride- and mint-based spray rapidly increases salivary fluoride and reduces biofilm formation on nighttime clear aligners, improving preventive oral health during orthodontic treatment.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Oral microbiology and periodontitis research · Dental Health and Care Utilization · Dental materials and restorations

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy

Section of Dentistry, University of Ferrara, c.so Giovecca, 203, 44121 Ferrara, Italy

Independent Data Scientist, Via Bottesini 7, 20131 Milano, Italy

References (40)

Show source-provided references
1. Attractiveness, acceptability, and value of orthodontic appliances10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.07.011 ↗
2. Mechanical and thermal properties of polyamide versus reinforced PMMA denture base materials10.4047/jap.2013.5.2.153 ↗
3. Comparison of stress relaxation properties between 3-dimensional printed and thermoformed orthodontic aligners: A pilot study of in vitro simulation of two consecutive 8-hours force application10.25259/APOS_201_2023 ↗
4. Micro-computed tomography evaluation of general trends in aligner thickness and gap width after thermoforming procedures involving six commercial clear aligners: An in vitro study10.4041/kjod.2021.51.2.135 ↗
5. Proffit, W.R., Henry, W.F., David, M.S., and James, L.A. (2013). Contemporary Orthodontics, Elsevier. [5th ed.].
6. Influence of thermoplastic appliance thickness on the magnitude of force delivered to a maxillary central incisor during tipping10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.12.015 ↗
7. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the growth of dental plaque on the surfaces of removable orthodontic aligners after the use of different cleaning methods
8. Pardo, A., Signoriello, A., Zangani, A., Messina, E., Gheza, S., Faccioni, P., Albanese, M., and Lombardo, G. (2024). Home Biofilm Management in Orthodontic Aligners: A Systematic Review. Dent. J., 12.10.3390/dj12100335 ↗
9. Update Fluorid [Fluoride Update]10.61872/sdj-2020-09-02 ↗
10. Zhang, Q., Guan, L., Guo, J., Chuan, A., Tong, J., Ban, J., Tian, T., Jiang, W., and Wang, S. (2022). Application of fluoride disturbs plaque microecology and promotes remineralization of enamel initial caries. J. Oral. Microbiol., 14.10.1080/20002297.2022.2105022 ↗
11. Satou, R., Yamagishi, A., Takayanagi, A., Iwasaki, M., Kamijo, H., and Sugihara, N. (2022). Improved Enamel Acid Resistance by Highly Concentrated Acidulated Phosphate Sodium Monofluorophosphate Solution. Materials, 15.10.3390/ma15207298 ↗
12. Yudaev, P., Tupikov, A., and Chistyakov, E. (2025). Organocyclophosphazenes and Materials Based on Them for Pharmaceuticals and Biomedicine. Biomolecules, 15.10.3390/biom15020262 ↗
13. Menthol pain relief through cumulative inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels10.1016/j.pain.2011.11.014 ↗
14. Henley-Smith, C.J., Kok, A.M., Botha, F.S., Baker, C., and Lall, N. (2024). The effect of a poly-herbal plant extract on the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to tooth enamel. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 24.10.1186/s12906-024-04707-8 ↗
15. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Blended Essential Oil and Chlorhexidine against Periodontal Pathogen (P. gingivalis)-An In Vitro Study10.4103/njcp.njcp_787_22 ↗
16. Landeo-Villanueva, G.E., Salazar-Salvatierra, M.E., Ruiz-Quiroz, J.R., Zuta-Arriola, N., Jarama-Soto, B., Herrera-Calderon, O., Pari-Olarte, J.B., and Loyola-Gonzales, E. (2023). Inhibitory Activity of Essential Oils of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus globulus on Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans in an In Vitro Model. Antibiotics, 12.10.3390/antibiotics12020369 ↗
17. Alexa, V.T., Obistioiu, D., Dumitrescu, R., Cretescu, I., Hulea, A., Bolchis, V., Balean, O., Jumanca, D., and Galuscan, A. (2025). In Vitro Evaluation of Biofilm Formation by Oral Microorganisms on Clear Aligner Materials: Influence of Mouthwash Exposure. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.10.3390/jfb16110424 ↗
18. Panagiotou, A., Rossouw, P.E., Michelogiannakis, D., and Javed, F. (2021). Role of Essential Oil-Based Mouthwashes in Controlling Gingivitis in Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment. A Review of Clinical Trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 18.10.3390/ijerph182010825 ↗
19. Effectiveness of an Essential Oil Mouthwash in Maintaining Proper Oral Health in Orthodontic Patients—An In Vivo Study10.1177/03015742221083060 ↗
20. Meta-analysis of the effect of an essential oil–containing mouthrinse on gingivitis and plaque10.1016/j.adaj.2015.02.011 ↗
21. Naumova, E.A., Dickten, C., Jung, R., Krauss, F., Rübesamen, H., Schmütsch, K., Sandulescu, T., Zimmer, S., and Arnold, W.H. (2016). Dynamics of Fluoride Bioavailability in the Biofilms of Different Oral Surfaces after Amine Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Application. Sci. Rep., 6.10.1038/srep18729 ↗
22. Changes in the Microbiome of the Inner Surface of Clear Aligners After Different Usage Periods10.1007/s00284-020-02308-5 ↗
23. Moradinezhad, M., Abbasi Montazeri, E., Hashemi Ashtiani, A., Pourlotfi, R., and Rakhshan, V. (2024). Biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus casei, and Candida albicans on 5 thermoform and 3D printed orthodontic clear aligner and retainer materials at 3 time points: An in vitro study. BMC Oral. Health, 24.10.1186/s12903-024-04893-4 ↗
24. Reshetnyak, V.Y., Nesterova, O.V., Admakin, O.I., Dobrokhotov, D.A., Avertseva, I.N., Dostdar, S.A., and Khakimova, D.F. (2019). Evaluation of free and total fluoride concentration in mouthwashes via measurement with ion-selective electrode. BMC Oral. Health, 19.10.1186/s12903-019-0908-0 ↗
25. Peppermint flavor oil in fluoride varnishes enhances fluoride release10.4103/SDJ.SDJ_78_21 ↗
26. Topical use of fluorides for caries control10.1159/000325154 ↗
27. Chen, W., Chen, J., Bai, D., Wang, P., and Shu, R. (2024). Effects of clear aligners and traditional removable appliances on oral microbiome in mixed dentition: A comparative study. BMC Oral. Health, 24.10.1186/s12903-024-05063-2 ↗
28. Comparative SEM analysis of nine F22 aligner cleaning strategies10.1186/s40510-017-0178-9 ↗
29. Comparison of residual salivary fluoride retention using amine fluoride toothpastes in caries-free and caries-prone children10.1007/s40368-015-0220-x ↗
30. Albahrani, M.M., Alyahya, A., Qudeimat, M.A., and Toumba, K.J. (2022). Salivary fluoride concentration following toothbrushing with and without rinsing: A randomised controlled trial. BMC Oral. Health, 22.10.1186/s12903-022-02086-5 ↗
31. Oral fluoride retention after use of fluoride dentifrices10.1159/000261354 ↗
32. Bacterial viability in oral biofilm after tooth brushing with amine fluoride or sodium fluoride10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.10.013 ↗
33. Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents
34. Fluoride Concentration in Saliva following Professional Topical Application of 2% Sodium Fluoride Solution10.4103/ccd.ccd_681_18 ↗
35. Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents
36. Polat Sagsoz, N., Orhan, F., Baris, O., and Sagsoz, O. (2025). In Vitro Evaluation of Plant Antimicrobials Against Candida albicans Biofilm on Denture Base Materials: A Comparison with Chemical Denture Cleansers. Polymers, 17.10.3390/polym17212869 ↗
37. Fluoride-Releasing Effect of a Modified Resin Denture Containing S-PRG Fillers on Salivary Fluoride Retention: A Randomized Clinical Study10.1159/000490627 ↗
38. Essential oils, their therapeutic properties, and implication in dentistry: A review10.4103/2231-0762.165933 ↗
39. Abdelrahman, S.M., El Samak, M., El-Baz, L.M.F., Hanora, A.M.S., Satyal, P., and Dosoky, N.S. (2024). Effects of Mint Oils on the Human Oral Microbiome: A Pilot Study. Microorganisms, 12.10.20944/preprints202406.0073.v1 ↗
40. Effect of essential oils on oral halitosis treatment: A review10.1111/eos.12745 ↗