Impact of Three-Fluid Nozzle Emulsification on the Physicochemical and Thermodynamic Properties of Avocado Oil Microcapsules Obtained by Spray Drying
Source abstract
Abstract
This study investigated the production and characterization of avocado oil emulsions generated with a three-fluid nozzle (3FN) and the physicochemical and thermodynamic properties of the resulting microcapsules obtained by spray drying. The emulsions showed a bimodal size distribution with a main peak at 0.893 µm and PDI values below 0.70 indicate a mid-range polydispersity. Despite their shear-thinning behavior, emulsions exhibited limited stability, as indicated by ζ-potential (−23.9 mV) and increasing TSI values. Spray drying with 3FN achieved a yield of 71.7% and an encapsulation efficiency of 57.8%, with moisture content below 4%, meeting commercial requirements. The microcapsules displayed unimodal particle distributions (D[3,2] = 8.38 µm; D[4,3] = 11.14 µm) and irregular spherical morphologies with surface folds and roughness. Adsorption isotherms followed a type II pattern, well described by the GAB model, with monolayer moisture content (0.043–0.060 g H2O/g solids) defining critical stability conditions. Thermodynamic analyses identified a “minimum entropy zone” corresponding to enhanced structural stability, while glass transition data confirmed that encapsulated oil did not act as a plasticizer. Overall, the use of a three-fluid nozzle enabled the development of avocado oil microcapsules with favorable physical and thermal attributes, supporting their potential for long-term stability in functional food applications.
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Research context
OpenAlex topics: Microencapsulation and Drying Processes · Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems · Food Drying and Modeling
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Prolongación Oriente 6, Orizaba 94340, Veracruz, Mexico
Laboratorio de Biomateriales, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Unidad Legaria, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Legaria 694, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11500, Mexico
Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, 225 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2093, USA
Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos (CIDEA), Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico
Funding
Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado- Instituto Politécnico Nacional
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