Constructing Emission-Intensive Driving Cycles for an Extended-Range Electric Vehicle via Dynamic Programming Guided by Real-World Trip Dynamics and Road Terrain
Source abstract
Abstract
Reproducing severe emission driving scenarios on a chassis dynamometer enables the systematic calibration of real driving emissions (RDE) under laboratory conditions. Accordingly, a dynamic programming (DP) method is proposed to construct emission-intensive driving cycles for an extended-range electric vehicle. The DP approach transforms the driving cycle construction problem into one of multi-stage decision optimization within a time control domain. Assembling a real driving emission model and a multi-stage decision optimization model, a DP algorithm was developed. Guided by real-world trip dynamics and road terrain, the DP algorithm optimizes instantaneous vehicle driving conditions at every time step, thereby reconstructing vehicle speed and road gradient profiles to maximize pollutant emissions within the time control domain. Analysis demonstrates that the DP algorithm favors constructing emission-intensive driving cycles using high-frequency, low-intensity acceleration and deceleration maneuvers, in addition to the high-aggression driving typically assumed to cause the severest emissions. Furthermore, the DP algorithm also effectively utilizes the impact of road terrain on emissions to construct these driving cycles. Verification confirms that the constructed emission-intensive driving cycles not only exhibit severe emission characteristics but also conform to the mandatory RDE test requirements in trip dynamics and road terrain conditions.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Vehicle emissions and performance · Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies · Traffic control and management
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401122, China
Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400023, China
Funding
Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project · Chongqing research institution performance incentive guidance special program · Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing
References (31)
Show source-provided references
1. A review of the European passenger car regulations-Real driving emissions vs local air quality10.1016/j.rser.2018.01.012 ↗
2. Regulating light-duty vehicle emissions: An overview of US, EU, China and Brazil programs and its effect on air quality10.1007/s10098-021-02238-1 ↗
3. Wallington, T.J., Anderson, J.E., Dolan, R.H., and Winkler, S.L. (2022). Vehicle emissions and urban air quality: 60 years of progress. Atmosphere, 13.10.3390/atmos13050650 ↗
4. Development of the world-wide harmonized light duty test cycle (WLTC) and a possible pathway for its introduction in the European legislation10.1016/j.trd.2015.07.011 ↗
5. Using natural driving experiments and Markov chains to develop realistic driving cycles10.1016/j.trd.2024.104507 ↗
6. Development of a representative transient cycle for evaluating real driving emissions of heavy-duty diesel engines10.1016/j.apr.2025.102520 ↗
7. A novel optimization-based method to develop representative driving cycle in various driving conditions10.1016/j.energy.2022.123455 ↗
8. A representative urban driving cycle for passenger vehicles to estimate fuel consumption and emission rates under real-world driving conditions10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100810 ↗
9. Construction of high-precision driving cycle based on Metropolis-Hastings sampling and genetic algorithm10.1016/j.trd.2023.103715 ↗
10. Rahman, S.M.A., Fattah, I.M.R., Ong, H.C., Ashik, F.R., Hassan, M.M., Murshed, M.T., Imran, M.A., Rahman, M.H., Rahman, M.A., and Hasan, M.A. (2021). State-of-the-art of establishing test procedures for real driving gaseous emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles. Energies, 14.10.3390/en14144195 ↗
11. EC (2016). Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/646 of 20 April 2016 amending Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 as regards emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 6). Off. J. Eur. Union, L 109, 1.
12. Assessing the influence of boundary conditions, driving behavior and data analysis methods on real driving CO2 and NOx emissions10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.053 ↗
13. Impact of driving style and traffic condition on emissions and fuel consumption during real-world transient operation10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123874 ↗
14. Comparison of vehicular emissions at different altitudes: Characteristics and policy implications10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125679 ↗
15. Testing and evaluation of cold-start emissions in a real driving emissions test10.1016/j.trd.2020.102447 ↗
16. Measuring the route topography impact on real driving emissions based on neural network models10.1016/j.envres.2023.116072 ↗
17. Statistically supported real driving emission calibration: Using cycle generation to provide vehicle-specific and statistically representative test scenarios for Euro 710.1177/1468087420935221 ↗
18. RDE calibration-evaluating fundamentals of clustering approaches to support the calibration process10.3390/vehicles5020023 ↗
19. Hardware-in-the-loop-based virtual calibration approach to meet real driving emissions requirements10.4271/2018-01-0869 ↗
20. Classen, J., Krysmon, S., Dorscheidt, F., Sterlepper, S., and Pischinger, S. (2021). Real driving emission calibration-review of current validation methods against the background of future emission legislation. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app11125429 ↗
21. Efficient real driving emissions calibration of automotive powertrains under operating uncertainties10.1080/0305215X.2021.1989589 ↗
22. The NOx emission characteristics of gasoline vehicles during transient driving cycles10.1016/j.trd.2022.103386 ↗
23. Evaluating the filtration efficiency of close-coupled catalyzed gasoline particulate filter (cGPF) over the WLTC and simulated RDE cycles10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134717 ↗
24. Driving aggressiveness in hybrid electric vehicles: Assessing the impact of driving volatility on emission rates10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116250 ↗
25. Investigating the impact of route topography on real driving emission tests based on large data sample at data window level10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151133 ↗
26. (2016). Limits and Measurement Methods for Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles (Standard No. GB18352.6-2016).
27. Xu, H.L., Chen, Y., Zhang, L., Chen, G.L., Han, J.L., Zhang, Q., and Li, C.K. (2025). Energy management strategies for extended-range electric vehicles with real driving emission constraints. Appl. Sci., 15.10.3390/app15010142 ↗
28. Study of diesel engine performance and emissions during a Transient Cycle applying an engine mapping-based methodology10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.09.003 ↗
29. Utilizing Minkowski functionals for image analysis: A marching square algorithm10.1088/1742-5468/2008/12/P12015 ↗
30. Bellman, R.E., and Dreyfus, S.E. (1962). Applied Dynamic Programming, Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400874651 ↗
31. Energy management strategies for hybrid diesel vehicles by dynamic planning embedded in real-world driving emission model10.1016/j.csite.2024.105643 ↗