Influence of Carbon–Magnesium Reactions on Strength, Resistivity, and Carbonation Behavior of Lightweight Carbonated Soil: Development of a Multi-Parameter Prediction Model
Source abstract
Abstract
The high carbon emissions associated with cement-based materials in lightweight foamed soils have become a significant environmental concern. In addition to this applied problem, there is also a scientific challenge: current studies of carbon–magnesium reactions in lightweight carbonated soils (LCSS) lack multiparameter predictive models, which are essential for understanding the coupled effects of MgO dosage and CO2 foam content on material performance. This study addresses this gap by systematically investigating the influence of MgO and CO2 foam on the strength, resistivity, and carbonation behavior of LCSS. A multiparameter regression model was developed to predict these properties, and its statistical significance and predictive accuracy were verified. The results show that MgO dosage strongly promotes carbonation and strength development, while CO2 foam content primarily regulates porosity and carbonation degree. The established model provides reliable predictions of LCSS performance and offers a scientific basis for optimizing carbon–magnesium reactions in sustainable soil stabilization.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Concrete and Cement Materials Research · Magnesium Oxide Properties and Applications · Microbial Applications in Construction Materials
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
Department of Engineering Geology, Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, BH 3-1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China
References (61)
Show source-provided references
1. Upscaling the elastic stiffness of foam concrete as a three-phase composite material10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.04.021 ↗
2. Effect of superabsorbent polymer on the foam-stability of foamed concrete10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104398 ↗
3. Enhancing the performance of foam concrete containing fly ash and steel slag via a pressure foaming process10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129664 ↗
4. Preparation and properties of ready-to-use low-density foamed concrete derived from industrial solid wastes10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122946 ↗
5. Bridge approach settlement mitigation using expanded polystyrene foam as light backfill: Case study and 3D simulation10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100794 ↗
6. Experimental and numerical analyses of lightweight foamed concrete as filler for widening embankment10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118897 ↗
7. Foamed cement banking soil and its application
8. Cai, G. (2017). Experimental and Application Studies on Soft Soil Carbonated and Stabilized by Reactive Magnesia. [Ph.D. Thesis, Southeast University]. (In Chinese).
9. Effects of support porosity of Co-Mo/MgO catalyst on methane catalytic decomposition for carbon and hydrogen production10.1016/j.jiec.2022.05.008 ↗
10. Diatomite supported by CaO/MgO nanocomposite as heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil10.1016/j.molliq.2019.01.096 ↗
11. Progress in MgO sorbents for cyclic CO2 capture: A comprehensive review10.1039/C9TA06930E ↗
12. CO2 capture materials: A review of current trends and future challenges
13. Cui, H. (2021). Structure-Performance Relationship and Sorption Mechanisms of Alkali Metal Salt-Promoted Solid Sorbents for Intermediate and High Temperature CO2 Capture. [Ph.D. Thesis, East China University of Science and Technology]. (In Chinese).
14. Tan, C. (2020). The Influence Mechanism of MgO Microstructure and Active Site Regulation on CO2 Adsorption Properties. [Master’s Thesis, Nanjing Normal University]. (In Chinese).
15. MgO/carbon nanofibers composite coatings on porous ceramic surface for CO2 capture10.1016/j.surfcoat.2020.126208 ↗
16. Research progress of post-combustion carbon dioxide capture materials
17. Research progress on solid adsorbents for carbon dioxide capture
18. Facile synthesis of silica aerogel supported K2CO3 sorbents with enhanced CO2 capture capacity for ultra-dilute flue gas treatment10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.113 ↗
19. Magnesium oxide modified nitrogen-doped porous carbon composite as an efficient candidate for high pressure carbon dioxide capture and methane storage10.1016/j.jcis.2018.12.063 ↗
20. Structurally improved MgO adsorbents derived from magnesium oxalate precursor for enhanced CO2 capture10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118379 ↗
21. Molten salts-modified MgO-based adsorbents for intermediate-temperature CO2 capture: A review10.1016/j.jechem.2017.06.005 ↗
22. Recent progress of MgO-based materials in CO2 adsorption and conversion: Modification methods, reaction condition, and CO2 hydrogenation10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108954 ↗
23. Development of MgO concrete with enhanced hydration and carbonation mechanisms10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.10.011 ↗
24. Carbonated MgO concrete with improved performance: The influence of temperature and hydration agent on hydration, carbonation and strength gain10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.06.006 ↗
25. Could reactive MgO cement be a green solution? The effect of CO2 mineralization and manufacturing route on the potential global warming impact10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104263 ↗
26. Harrison, J. (2003, January 28–29). The Case for and Ramifications of Blending Reactive Magnesia with Portland Cement. Proceedings of the 28th Conference on Our World in Concrete & Structures, Singapore.
27. Yi, Y. (2013). Sustainable Novel Deep Mixing Methods and Theory. [Ph.D. Thesis, Southeast University]. (In Chinese).
28. Strength and deformation characteristics of carbonated reactive magnesia treated silt soil10.1007/s11771-015-2705-5 ↗
29. Microstructural mechanism of reactive magnesia carbonated and stabilized silty clays
30. Comparison between CaO-and MgO-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) for stabilization/solidification of Zn-contaminated clay slurry10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131860 ↗
31. Ultra-green construction: Reactive magnesia masonry products
32. Magnesium cements and their carbonation curing: A state-of-the-art review
33. Gao, X., Lu, P., Kuzmenko, L., Ilavsky, J., and Gadikota, G. (2025). Reactive CO2 Capture and Mineralization of Magnesium Hydroxide to Produce Hydromagnesite with Inherent Solvent Regeneration. Ind. Chem. Mater., Advance Article.10.1039/D4IM00157E ↗
34. Enhanced mineral carbonation on surface functionalized MgO as a proxy for mine tailings
35. Novel Carbonated Materials: The Synergistic Role of MgO in Partially Calcined Limestone10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c00544 ↗
36. Liu, G., Liu, S., Yin, B., and Wang, J. (2025). Effects of Hydraulic Materials on the Performance Evolution of Carbonated High-Volume Magnesium Slag Mortars. Buildings, 15.10.3390/buildings15173062 ↗
37. Jia, Y., Zou, X., Jiang, Y., Zou, Y., Song, S., Qin, J., Wang, Y., and Zhu, L. (2023). Study on the Stability of Low-Carbon Magnesium Cementitious Materials in Sulfate Erosion Environments. Materials, 16.10.3390/ma16114042 ↗
38. Zhu, M., Zhai, R., Zhu, M., and He, J. (2024). Evaluating Alkali Activation in Magnesium Slag Carbonization and Its Mechanism. Crystals, 14.10.3390/cryst14100847 ↗
39. Experimental study on electrical resistivity of soil-cement
40. Liu, S., Zhang, D., and Zhu, Z. (2009, January 14). On the uniformity of deep mixed soil-cement columns with electrical resistivity method. Proceedings of the U.S.-China Workshop on Ground Improvement Technologies 2009, Orlando, FL, USA.10.1061/41025(338)15 ↗
41. Research on electrical resistivity feature of cement-soil and its application
42. Research on electrical resistivity feature of soil and it’s application
43. Optimizing compressive strength of foamed concrete using stepwise regression10.1007/s42452-025-06966-7 ↗
44. Predictive modelling of sustainable lightweight foamed concrete using machine learning novel approach10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104746 ↗
45. Carbon sequestration in engineered lightweight foamed mortar—Effect on rheology, mechanical and durability properties10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126383 ↗
46. Improving the Carbonation of Reactive MgO Cement Concrete via the Use of NaHCO3 and NaCl
47. Shao, L., Yu, W., Du, X., Shen, A., Li, Y., Ding, H., Tao, S., and Wu, F. (2025). Investigating Lightweight Carbonation Curing of Waste Slurry Using Activated Magnesium Oxide: Performance Insights. Materials, 18.10.3390/ma18092084 ↗
48. (2019). Standard for Soil Test Methods (Standard No. GB/T 50123-2019).
49. (2020). Test Specification for Wall-Building Slurry in Hydropower and Water Conservancy Engineering (Standard No. DL/T 5815-2020).
50. (2020). Specifications for Highway Geotechnical Testing (Standard No. JTG 3430-2020).
51. Accelerated carbonation of reactive MgO cements10.1680/adcr.2007.19.2.67 ↗
52. Unveiling the role of reactive magnesia and red mud in CO2-cured aerated concrete
53. Preparation and performances of foamed hydraulic lime10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123244 ↗
54. Properties and microstructure of alkali-activated cementitious materials prepared with carbide slag-slag-fly ash solid waste
55. Solidification and carbonization experimental study on magnesium oxide in shield waste soil and its carbonization mechanism
56. Influence of different consolidation factors on moisture content and permeability of waste slurry
57. Carbonating magnesia for soil stabilization10.1139/cgj-2012-0364 ↗
58. Ye, Y. (2022). Rapid Stabilization of High-Water Content Muddy Soil with Reactive MgO Carbonization. [Master’s Thesis, Southeast University]. (In Chinese).
59. Nonlinear regression model for spatial variation in precipitation chemistry for South India10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.021 ↗
60. Study on carbonation model for fly ash concrete based on multivariate nonlinear analysis
61. Chen, X. (2023). Research on Unconsolidated Undrained Shear Characteristics of Calcareous Sand. [Master’s Thesis, Guangxi University]. (In Chinese).