Reconstruction Fidelity of Acoustic Holograms Across 0.75–4.0 MHz Excitation Frequencies: A Simulation Study

Accurate reconstruction of pressure fields using phase-only acoustic holograms is critical for applications requiring high spatial precision, such as targeted ultrasound therapies. In this study, we investigate the effect of excitation frequency on reconstruction accuracy by performing a controlled sweep from 0.75 to 4.0 MHz, while keeping all other parameters such as aperture size, simulation grid, target patterns, and optimization settings constant. To evaluate performance, we employ five quantitative metrics: Mean Squared Error (MSE), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Cross-Correlation, Uniformity, and Efficiency. The results show that reconstruction fidelity improves as frequency increases, particularly in the low-to-mid range, where finer spatial features become resolvable due to the shorter wavelengths. However, beyond a certain point, the gains begin to taper, and in some cases, high frequencies introduce subtle artifacts such as edge ringing or increased variance. Moreover, higher frequencies are associated with increased acoustic attenuation and imposing stricter fabrication demands on holographic elements. These findings suggest that frequency selection in acoustic holography must be application-specific, as both low and high frequencies offer distinct advantages depending on the target characteristics and system constraints.