journal article·2025-10-10Open access

Optimization of Artificial Neural Networks for Predicting the Radiological Risks of Thermal Waters in Türkiye

Selin Erzin

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 20

Abstract

In this study, the prediction of four radiological risk parameters of thermal waters in Türkiye (dose contribution (DE) from radon release in thermal water to air for workers and visitors, the annual effective dose from radon ingestion (Ding) and the annual effective dose to the stomach from radon ingestion (Dsto)) from three physicochemical properties of thermal waters (electrical conductivity (EC), pH and temperature (T)) was investigated using multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) artificial neural networks (ANNs). To achieve this, two separate MLPANN and RBFANN models were constructed using data from the literature. The MLPANN and RBFANN models were verified using performance metrics (relative absolute error (RAE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and ratio of RMSE to data standard deviation (RSR)). The comparison of performance metrics shows that MLPANN models achieved approximately 54% lower error metrics than RBF models. The performance of the developed models was further examined using rank analysis, Taylor and Scaled Percentage Error (SPE) plots. Rank analysis and Taylor and SPE graphs showed that MLPANN models predicted the values of four radiological risk parameters of thermal waters more correctly than RBFANN models. This study demonstrates that MLPANNs significantly outperformed RBFANNs in predicting the radiological risks of thermal waters in Türkiye.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Advanced Image Fusion Techniques · Brain Tumor Detection and Classification · Advanced Neural Network Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Physics Department, Science Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, 35390 İzmir, Türkiye

References (73)

Show source-provided references
1. Hopke, P.K., Borak, T.B., Doull, J., Cleaver, J.E., Eckerman, K.F., Gundersen, L.C.S., and Simon, S.L. (2000). Health Risks Due to Radon in Drinking Water, ACS Publications.10.1021/es002007m ↗
2. Radon concentration in waters of geothermal Euganean basin-Veneto, Italy10.1093/rpd/nch053 ↗
3. UNSCEAR (1994). Report to the general assembly. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations.
4. UNSCEAR (1993). Report, Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations.
5. Measurement of 222Rn concentration in drinking water in Sakarya, Turkey10.1093/rpd/nct157 ↗
6. Cothern, C.R., and Smith, J.S. (1987). Environmental Radon. Environmental Science Research, Plenum Press.10.1007/978-1-4899-0473-7 ↗
7. Wilkening, M. (1990). Radon in the Environment, Elsevier.
8. 222Rn concentrations of water in the Balaton Highland and in the southern part of Hungary, and the assessment of the resulting dose10.1016/j.radmeas.2006.11.005 ↗
9. Radon concentration in air, hot spring water, and bottled mineral water in one hot spring area in Thailand10.1007/s10967-012-2359-9 ↗
10. Radon activity measurements around Bakreswar thermal springs10.1016/j.radmeas.2009.11.039 ↗
11. 222Rn determination in some thermal baths of a central eastern Italian area10.1023/B:JRNC.0000030932.97142.90 ↗
12. Radiological and chemical monitoring of Dikili geothermal waters, Western Turkey10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.04.037 ↗
13. Evaluation of the radiation dose from radon ingestion and inhalation in drinking water
14. Evaluation of radon gas concentration in indoor air of spas and in spring water in the central Anatolia region of Turkey10.1007/s00411-022-00992-4 ↗
15. Radon and radium measurements of Eskişehir spa waters10.1093/rpd/ncab081 ↗
16. Radon transfer from thermal water to human organs in radon therapy: Exhalation measurements and model simulations10.1007/s00411-019-00807-z ↗
17. Assessment of indoor radon concentration and time-series analysis of gamma dose rate in three thermal spas from Portugal10.1007/s10661-022-10157-x ↗
18. Radon measurements in water samples from the thermal springs of Yalova basin, Turkey10.1007/s10967-013-2845-8 ↗
19. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity10.1007/BF02478259 ↗
20. Hebb, D.O. (1949). The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory, Psychology Press.
21. Artificial neural network based prediction and optimization of centelloside content in Centella asiatica: A comparison between multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) algorithms for soil and climatic parameter10.1016/j.sajb.2023.07.019 ↗
22. A novel approach for efficient crop yield prediction10.1016/j.compag.2019.104968 ↗
23. Optimization of metformin HCl 500 mg sustained release matrix tablets using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based on Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) model10.1248/cpb.56.150 ↗
24. Using artificial neural network models and particle swarm optimization for manner prediction of a photovoltaic thermal nanofluid based collector10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.105 ↗
25. Baştan, N. (2013). Study on Relationships Between Radon Measurement and Seismic Activities in Geothermic Areas on Denizli Region. [Master’s Thesis, Ege University]. (Turkish with English abstract).
26. Revan, M. (2010). Determination of Radioactivity Levels of the Northern Aegean Spas. [Master’s Thesis, Ege University]. (Turkish with English abstract).
27. Tabar, E. (2010). Evaluation of Tectonic Activity in Dikili and Bergama Regions wıth Radon Measurements in Jeothermal Waters. [Master’s Thesis, Ege University]. (Turkish with English abstract).
28. Hair, J., Wolfinbarger, M.C., Ortinau, D.J., and Bush, R.P. (2013). Essentials of Marketing, Mc Graw Hill.
29. Optimized ANN-based approach for estimation of shear strength of soil10.1007/s42107-023-00739-6 ↗
30. Using radial basis artificial neural networks to predict radiation hazard indices in geological materials10.1007/s10661-024-12459-8 ↗
31. Prediction of the radon concentration in thermal waters using artificial neural networks10.1007/s13762-024-05473-3 ↗
32. Optimization of artificial neural network for predicting radon exhalation rates and effective radium content in soil samples10.1007/s12145-024-01571-5 ↗
33. Prediction of the activity concentrations of 232Th, 238U and 40K in geological materials using radial basis function neural network10.1007/s10967-022-08438-3 ↗
34. A novel hybrid model of augmented grey wolf optimizer and artificial neural network for predicting shear strength of soil10.1007/s40808-022-01610-4 ↗
35. Implementing ensemble learning models for the prediction of shear strength of soil10.1007/s42107-023-00629-x ↗
36. Reddy, P.S., Huang, H., Huang, X., Erzin, Y., Guixiong, M., Garg, A., and Rao, B.H.A. (2020, January 8–19). Comprehensive Study for Assessing Parameters Influencing Tensile Strength Behaviour of Fine-Grained and Coarse-Grained Soils. Proceedings of the 1st Indo-China Research Series in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Online.10.1007/978-981-33-4324-5_4 ↗
37. Radon—A real killer or just an unsolved mystery
38. IARC (1988). Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, & International Agency for Research on Cancer. Man-Made Mineral Fibres and Radon, World Health Organization.
39. UNSCEAR (2000). Report to the general assembly. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, United Nations.
40. Assessment of radiation doses from natural radioactivity measurements in the spa centres of Kütahya Province, Turkey10.1007/s10967-022-08342-w ↗
41. Investigation of radon concentrations in some reservoirs, spring and tap waters in İstanbul, Turkey10.1007/s10967-018-5713-8 ↗
42. On the use of back propagation and radial basis function neural networks in surface roughness prediction10.1007/s40092-016-0146-x ↗
43. Virtual-intelligence applications in petroleum engineering: Part 1—Artificial neural networks10.2118/58046-JPT ↗
44. State-of-the-art in artificial neural network applications: A survey10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00938 ↗
45. Prediction of wind properties in urban environments using artificial neural network10.1007/s00704-011-0506-9 ↗
46. Application of decision tree, artificial neural networks, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system on predicting lost circulation: A case study from Marun oil field10.1016/j.petrol.2019.02.045 ↗
47. Accurate determination of the CO2-crude oil minimum miscibility pressure of pure and impure CO2 streams: A robust modelling approach10.1002/cjce.22387 ↗
48. General model based on artificial neural networks for estimating the viscosities of oxygenated fuels10.1021/acsomega.9b02337 ↗
49. Learning Internal Representations by Error Propagation, Parallel Distributed Processing
50. Alleviating the problem of local minima in Backpropagation through competitive learning10.1016/j.neucom.2012.03.011 ↗
51. Viscosity prediction in selected Iranian light oil reservoirs: Artificial neural network versus empirical correlations10.1007/s12182-013-0259-4 ↗
52. Radial basis function (RBF) network adaptive power system stabilizer10.1109/59.867165 ↗
53. Howlett, R.J., and Jain, L.C. (2001). Radial Basis Function Networks 2: New Advances in Design, Springer Science & Business Media.10.1007/978-3-7908-1826-0 ↗
54. Ham, F.M., and Kostanic, I. (2000). Principles of Neurocomputing for Science and Engineering, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
55. WHO (2004). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Recommendations, World Health Organization Press. [3rd ed.].
56. USEPA—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1991). National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for Radionuclides.
57. Optimizing feedforward artificial neural network architecture10.1016/j.engappai.2006.06.005 ↗
58. Ten-year estimation of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) volume increment in natural forests: A comparison of an artificial neural networks model, multiple linear regression and actual increment
59. Trees vs Neurons: Comparison between random forest and ANN for high-resolution prediction of building energy consumption10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.038 ↗
60. Designing a neural network for forecasting financial and economic time series10.1016/0925-2312(95)00039-9 ↗
61. Assessment of hydraulic conductivity of compacted clayey soil using artificial neural network: An investigation on structural and database multicollinearity10.1007/s12145-024-01336-0 ↗
62. Median radial basis function neural network10.1109/72.548164 ↗
63. Prediction of ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations on cohesionless soil using hybrid lstm and rvm approaches: An extended investigation of multicollinearity10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105912 ↗
64. Optimization of an artificial neural network using three novel meta-heuristic algorithms for predicting the shear strength of soil10.1007/s40515-023-00343-w ↗
65. Prediction of bearing capacity of pile foundation using deep learning approaches10.1007/s11709-024-1085-z ↗
66. A novel integrated approach of RUNge Kutta optimizer and ANN for estimating compressive strength of self-compacting concrete
67. The use of neural networks for the prediction of cone penetration resistance of silty sands10.1007/s00521-016-2371-z ↗
68. Prediction of compaction parameters for fine-grained soil: Critical comparison of the deep learning and standalone models10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.12.034 ↗
69. Soil compaction parameters prediction using GMDH-type neural network and genetic algorithm10.1080/19648189.2017.1304269 ↗
70. A new design of evolutionary hybrid optimization of SVR model in predicting the blast-induced ground vibration10.1007/s00366-019-00895-x ↗
71. Prediction of ground vibration due to quarry blasting based on gene expression programming: A new model for peak particle velocity prediction10.1007/s13762-016-0979-2 ↗
72. High performance prediction of soil compaction parameters using multi expression programming10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105758 ↗
73. Prediction of pile bearing capacity using a hybrid genetic algorithm-based ANN10.1016/j.measurement.2014.08.007 ↗