journal article·2025-07-25Open access

Comparative Analysis of Fracture Mechanics Parameters for Wrought and SLM-Produced Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy

Ivan Gelo, Dražan Kozak, Nenad Gubeljak, Tomaž Vuherer, Pejo Konjatić, Marko Katinić

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 15

Abstract

The research presented in this paper is based on the need for personalized medical implants, whose serial production is impossible, so the need for production process adjustments is inevitable. Conventional production technologies usually set geometrical limitations and generate a lot of waste material, which leads to great expenses, especially when the material used for production is an expensive Ti alloy. Additive technologies offer the possibility to produce a product almost without waste material and geometrical limitations. Nevertheless, the methods developed for additive production using metal powder are not significantly used in biomedicine because there is insufficient data published regarding the properties of additively produced parts, especially from the fatigue and fracture standpoint. The aim of this research is the experimental determination of fracture mechanics properties of additively produced parts and their comparison with the properties of parts produced by conventional technologies. Drawing is the first production process in the comparison, and the second one is selective laser melting (SLM). The Ti-alloy Ti-6Al-7Nb, used for medical implants, was selected for this research. Experimental testing was performed in order to determine ΔKth fracture mechanics parameters and resistance curves according to ASTM E1820. Test specimen dimensioning and the experiments were carried out according to the respective standards. For the drawn test specimen, the value obtained was ΔKth = 3.84 MPam0.5, and the fracture toughness was Kc = 84 MPam0.5, while for SLM produced test specimens the values were ΔKth = 4.53 MPam0.5, and Kc = 21.9 MPam0.5.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes · Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies · Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Mechanical Engineering Faculty in Slavonski Brod, University of Slavonski Brod, Trg I. B. Mazuranic 2, 35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia

References (29)

Show source-provided references
1. Cosma, C., Drstvensek, I., Berce, P., Prunean, S., Legutko, S., Popa, C., and Balc, N. (2020). Physical–Mechanical Characteristics and Microstructure of Ti6Al7Nb Lattice Structures Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting. Materials, 13.10.3390/ma13184123 ↗
2. Delshadmanesh, M. (2025, June 02). Fatigue Investigations of Metallic Biomaterials Based on Ti-Nb and Co-Cr. 01 11 2018. Available online: https://repositum.tuwien.at/handle/20.500.12708/7333.
3. Hein, M., Kokalj, D., Dias, N.F.L., Stangier, D., Oltmanns, H., Pramanik, S., Kietzmann, M., Hoyer, K.-P., Meißner, J., and Tillman, W. (2022). Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Additively Processed and Heat-Treated Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications. Metals, 12.10.3390/met12010122 ↗
4. Laskowska, D., Bałasz, B., and Zawadka, W. (2024). Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Built Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloys Produced by Selective Laser Melting Technology. Materials, 17.10.3390/ma17184604 ↗
5. Deformation Behaviour and Energy Absorption of 3D Printed Polymeric Gyroid Structures
6. Microstructural Evolution of Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy During High Pressure Torsion10.1590/S1516-14392012005000102 ↗
7. Tribological behavior of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloys for Total Hip Prosthesis10.1155/2014/451387 ↗
8. Tuninetti, V., Fuentes, G., Oñate, A., Narayan, S., Celentano, D., García-Herrera, C., Menacer, B., Pincheira, G., Garrido, C., and Valle, R. (2024). Computational Shape Design Optimization of Femoral Implants: Towards Efficient Forging Manufacturing. Appl. Sci., 18.10.3390/app14188289 ↗
9. Hijazi, K., Dixon, J., Armstrong, J., and Rizkalla, A. (2023). Titanium Alloy Implants with Lattice Structures for Mandibular Reconstruction. Materials, 17.10.3390/ma17010140 ↗
10. The design of oxidation resistant Ni superalloys for additive manufacturing
11. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated using powder bed fusion—Laser beam additive manufacturing process: Effect of hot isostatic pressing10.1016/j.msea.2025.148226 ↗
12. Biocompatibility of Advanced Manufactured Titanium Implants—A Review10.3390/ma7128168 ↗
13. Design Principle for Additive Manufacturing: Direct Metal Sintering
14. Biomechanical Effects of the Implant Designed for Posterior Dynamic Stabilization of the Lumbar Spine (L4–L5): A Finite Element Analysis Study
15. Effects of Heat Accumulation on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Alloy Deposited by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
16. Understanding the influence of high-strength submicron precipitate on the fracture performance of additively-manufactured aluminum alloy10.1016/j.ijplas.2025.104306 ↗
17. (2009). Metallic Materials—Charpy Pendulum Impact Test—Part 1: Test Method (Standard No. ISO 148-1:2009).
18. (2021). Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials (Standard No. ASTM E466-96).
19. Jelaska, D. (2025, June 02). Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics, Part 2: Crack Propagation. Available online: https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/121375.Cl-MehLoma2.pdf.
20. A Critical Analysis of Crack Propagation Laws10.1115/1.3656900 ↗
21. Anderson, T.L. (2017). Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, CRC Press.10.1201/9781315370293 ↗
22. Broek, D. (1986). Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
23. (2019). Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fracture Toughness (Standard No. ASTM E1820).
24. Schwalbe, K., Neal, B., and Heerens, J. (1994). The GKSS Test Procedure for Determining the Fracture Behaviour of Materials, GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH.
25. Gubeljak, N. (2008). Fracture Mechanics.
26. Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review of Mechanical Properties10.1146/annurev-matsci-070115-032024 ↗
27. Accurate numerical prediction of ductile fracture and micromechanical damage evolution for Ti6Al4V alloy10.1007/s00466-023-02362-3 ↗
28. On the fatigue crack growth behavior in 316L stainless steel manufactured by selective laser melting10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.03.008 ↗
29. Fretting fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviours of Ti6Al4V alloy coated by functionally graded material10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118285 ↗