journal article·2025-07-19Open access

Tailoring In-Flight Food Consumption to Alleviate Fear of Flying Through Sensory Stimulation

Francesco Sansone, Francesca Gorini, Alessandro Tonacci, Francesca Venturi

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 14

Abstract

Nowadays, society is becoming increasingly committed to traveling by plane for work, tourism, and leisure in general. However, either due to internal, specific factors or to external determinants, like terrorism and climate changes, a growing number of travelers have experienced the so-called fear of flying, a persistent, irrational fear of flight-related situations for which a clear, efficacious therapy does not yet exist. Based on the usual interaction with the surrounding environment, conducted by means of the five human senses, and particularly on the neurophysiological pathway followed by the chemical senses, in this study, we revise the findings in the related literature on the topic, proposing an alternative way to alleviate the anxiety related to the fear of flight. This is based on chemosensory stimulation being applied directly during a flight and is possibly concerned with the consumption of meals, an usual activity performed onboard. After an introductory section aimed at understanding the problem, we present some studies related to chemosensory perception during the flight, highlighting the specificities of the scenarios, followed by a description of findings related to the meals proposed by flight companies in this context, and finally wrapping up the possible alternative approaches that could be conducted by such providers to alleviate the fear of flying condition through chemosensory stimulation vehiculated by meals, and enhance the quality of flight experience related to food consumption onboard.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Color perception and design · Sensory Analysis and Statistical Methods · Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), I-56124 Pisa, Italy

Interdepartmental Research Centre “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy

Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy

Funding

Italian National Research Council project FOE 2021 DBA.AD005.225

References (84)

Show source-provided references
1. (2025, February 10). APA Dictionary of Psychology. Available online: https://dictionary.apa.org/fear-of-flying.
2. Relationships between fear of flying, loudness dependence of auditory evoked potentials and frontal alpha asymmetry10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.031 ↗
3. The moderational role of anxiety sensitivity in flight phobia10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.005 ↗
4. Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00048-0 ↗
5. Differential prediction of first clinical response to serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants using the loudness dependence of au-ditory evoked potentials in patients with major depressive disorder10.4088/JCP.v68n0806 ↗
6. Jakobsen, J.C., Katakam, K.K., Schou, A., Hellmuth, S.G., Stallknecht, S.E., Leth-Møller, K., Iversen, M., Banke, M.B., Petersen, I.J., and Klingenberg, S.L. (2017). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors versus placebo in patients with major depressive disorder. A systematic review with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 17, Erratum in BMC Psychiatry 2017, 17, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1311-5.10.1186/s12888-016-1173-2 ↗
7. Serotonergic correlation with anger and aggressive behavior in acute stroke patients: An intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials (IDAP) study10.1159/000362268 ↗
8. Identification of spatial patterns with maximum association between power of resting state neural oscillations and trait anxiety10.1007/s00521-022-07847-5 ↗
9. Processes Contributing to the Maintenance of Flying Phobia: A Narrative Review10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00754 ↗
10. Fear of Flying, Stress and Epileptic-Like Symptoms10.2147/NDT.S449342 ↗
11. Virtual reality exposure therapy (fear of flying): From a private practice perspective10.1089/cpb.1998.1.311 ↗
12. Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy integrated with systematic desensitization, cognitive behavioral therapy com-bined with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy combined with virtual reality exposure therapy methods in the treatment of flight anxiety: A randomized trial
13. Virtual reality exposure and imaginal exposure in the treatment of fear of flying: A pilot study10.1177/0145445513482969 ↗
14. The proust effect: Scents, food, and nostalgia10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101562 ↗
15. The relationship between food neophobia and hedonic ratings of novel foods may be mediated by emotional arousal10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104931 ↗
16. Consumers’ emotions elicited by food: A systematic review of explicit and implicit methods10.1016/j.tifs.2017.09.006 ↗
17. What do we know about the sensory drivers of emotions in foods and beverages?10.1016/j.cofs.2019.06.007 ↗
18. Sources of positive and negative emotions in food experience10.1016/j.appet.2007.08.003 ↗
19. From mood to food and from food to mood: A psychological perspective on the measurement of food-related emotions in consumer research10.1016/j.foodres.2015.04.006 ↗
20. Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang10.1080/00207450601042094 ↗
21. Stimulus sets can induce shifts in descriptor meanings in product evaluation tasks10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.06.009 ↗
22. Naziz, P.S., Das, R., and Sen, S. (2019). The Scent of Stress: Evidence From the Unique Fragrance of Agarwood. Front. Plant Sci., 10.10.3389/fpls.2019.00840 ↗
23. Lin, Z., Kunze, K., Ueki, A., and Inakage, M. (2020, January 9–12). Aromacue-a scent toolkit to cope with stress using the 4-7-8 breathing method. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, Sydney, NSW, Australia.10.1145/3374920.3374940 ↗
24. Effects of scent and music on moods and stress in the confined resting area10.5057/ijae.IJAE-D-19-00017 ↗
25. Functional heterogeneity in human olfactory cortex: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10819.2002 ↗
26. Appetitive and aversive olfactory learning in humans studied using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10829.2002 ↗
27. Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant olfactory, visual, and auditory stimuli: A positron emission tomography study10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-20-07752.2000 ↗
28. Odour-evoked autobiographical memories: Psychological investigations of Proustian phenomena10.1093/chemse/25.1.111 ↗
29. Proust nose best: Odors are better cues of autobiographical memory10.3758/BF03194952 ↗
30. A naturalistic study of autobiographical memories evoked by olfactory and visual cues: Testing the Proustian hypothesis10.2307/1423672 ↗
31. Smell your way back to childhood: Autobiographical odor memory10.3758/BF03193837 ↗
32. Odour-induced mental time travel into the past and future: Do odour cues retain a unique link to our distant past?10.1080/09658211.2011.613847 ↗
33. Hofer, M.K., Blume, L., Turner, B.J., Schäfer, L., Croy, I., and Hummel, T. (2025). The impact of COVID-19-related smell dysfunction on sexual and mental wellbeing: Data from a longitudinal sample. Biol. Psychol., 195.10.1016/j.biopsycho.2025.109002 ↗
34. Tonacci, A. (2023, January 29–31). Chemical senses and consumer technologies: A journey from the human physiology towards the metaverse. Proceedings of the 2023 Zooming Innovation in Consumer Technologies Conference (ZINC), IEEE, Novi Sad, Serbia.10.1109/ZINC58345.2023.10173962 ↗
35. Benefit of inhalation aromatherapy as a complementary treatment for stress and anxiety in a clinical setting—A systematic review10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101750 ↗
36. The effects of Lavender and Chamomile essential oil inhalation aromatherapy on depression, anxiety and stress in older community-dwelling people: A randomized controlled trial10.1016/j.explore.2020.12.012 ↗
37. Potential roles of inhalation aromatherapy on stress-induced depression by inhibiting inflammation in the peripheral olfactory system10.1016/j.neuint.2025.105967 ↗
38. The senses 3: Exploring the interrelated senses of smell and taste
39. Taste and smell processing in the brain10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00007-1 ↗
40. The who, what, where, when, why and how of measuring emotional response to food. A systematic review10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104607 ↗
41. A taste of nostalgia: Links between nostalgia and food consumption10.1108/QMR-06-2012-0027 ↗
42. A taste of the unfamiliar. Understanding the meanings attached to food by international postgraduate students in England10.1016/j.appet.2009.11.001 ↗
43. Food and its meaning for asylum seeking children and young people in foster care10.1080/14733285.2010.494862 ↗
44. Spence, C. (2021). Scent in Motion: On the Multiple Uses of Ambient Scent in the Context of Passenger Transport. Front. Psychol., 12.10.3389/fpsyg.2021.702517 ↗
45. Spence, C. (2022). Sensehacking the guest’s multisensory hotel experience. Front. Psychol., 13.10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1014818 ↗
46. The effect of microgravity and space flight on the chemical senses10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb10622.x ↗
47. Factors affecting flavor perception in space: Does the spacecraft environment influence food intake by astronauts?10.1111/1541-4337.12633 ↗
48. Seppanen, O.A., and Fisk, W.J. (2025, February 15). Summary of Human Responses to Ventilation. Available online: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64k2p4dc.
49. Effect of scent on comfort of aircraft passengers
50. Odor and taste perception at normal and low atmospheric pressure in a simulated aircraft cabin10.1007/s00003-010-0630-y ↗
51. Changes of pressure and humidity affect olfactory function10.1007/s00405-007-0446-2 ↗
52. Park, M.Y. (2025, February 15). The Science of Airplane Food: How Chefs Trick Passenger Palates. Available online: https://thepointsguy.com/2017/06/the-science-of-airplane-food/.
53. The influence of mental stress on the flow of saliva in man10.1016/0003-9969(68)90121-0 ↗
54. Effect of background noise on food perception10.1016/j.foodqual.2010.07.003 ↗
55. A crossmodal role for audition in taste perception10.1037/xhp0000044 ↗
56. Investigating factors that influence passengers’ shopping intentions at airports: Evidence from Taiwan10.1016/j.jairtraman.2013.11.009 ↗
57. Diebelius, G. (2025, February 15). From Restaurant to Runway: Hungry Passengers Can Now Order in-Flight Meals by Phone Thanks to These Food Delivery Apps. Available online: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3267457/From-restaurant-runway-Hungry-passengers-order-flight-meals-phone-thanks-food-delivery-apps.html.
58. Thornhill, T. (2025, July 18). Would You Dare To Go? The Restaurant Where the Only Thing on the Menu Is Airline Food. Available online: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-4443410/The-restaurant-AIRLINE-FOOD-served.html.
59. Welcome on board: Overall liking and just-about-right ratings of airplane meals in three different consumption contexts-laboratory, recreated airplane, and actual airplane10.1111/joss.12254 ↗
60. Thornhill, T. (2025, July 18). ‘Heartbeat’ Passports, Printed Hotel Food and Plane Seats That Adapt To the Body Shape of the Passenger: Scientists Reveal What Travel Will Be Like in the Year 2070. Available online: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-11893983/Heartbeat-passports-3D-printed-buffets-Scientists-reveal-travel-like-2070.html.
61. The impact of an aircraft’s service environment on perceptions of in-flight food quality10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.02.010 ↗
62. Role of airline food quality, price reasonableness, image, satisfaction, and attachment in building re-flying intention10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.01.013 ↗
63. Effect of the in-flight meal service quality on the customer value and loyalty
64. Airline customer satisfaction and loyalty: Impact of in-flight service quality10.1007/s11628-009-0068-4 ↗
65. (2025, July 18). Mikkeller. Available online: https://www.mikkeller.com/news/20160929the-worlds-highest-altitude-beer-tasting.
66. de Freytas-Tamura, K. (2025, February 15). Airlines Aim to Trick Your Taste Buds at 30,000 Feet. Available online: https://nyti.ms/2lygNdj.
67. White, G. (2025, February 15). British Airways and Twinings Launch a High Altitude Tea: British Airways and Twinings Launch a Tea with an Improved Flavour at 35,000 Feet. Available online: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/9835108/British-Airways-and-Twinings-launch-a-high-altitude-tea.html.
68. Smith, B. (2025, February 15). Drinking at 30,000 Feet. Available online: https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/society/46432/wine-drinking-at-30000-feet.
69. Tyrer, B. (2025, February 15). Why Plonk Tastes Posh at 35,000 ft. Available online: http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/travel/Your_Travel/article1410455.ece.
70. Pace, G. (2025, February 15). Why Food and Wine Taste Different on Airplanes. Available online: https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/travel-guide/a9138949/airplane-wine-food/.
71. Chewing gum alleviates negative mood and reduces cortisol during acute laboratory psychological stress10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.028 ↗
72. Perry, J. (2025, February 15). Available online: https://www.vml.com/insight/mood-food.
73. Tonacci, A., Billeci, L., Di Mambro, I., Marangoni, R., Sanmartin, C., and Venturi, F. (2021). Wearable sensors for assessing the role of olfactory training on the autonomic response to olfactory stimulation. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21030770 ↗
74. Billeci, L., Sanmartin, C., Tonacci, A., Taglieri, I., Bachi, L., Ferroni, G., Braceschi, G., Odello, L., and Venturi, F. (2023). Wearable sensors to evaluate autonomic response to olfactory stimulation: The influence of short, intensive sensory training. Biosensors, 13.10.3390/bios13040478 ↗
75. Jang, R., Lee, W.S., and Moon, J. (2024). Relationship between Presentation, Attitude, and In-Flight Meal Food Healthiness: Moderating Role of Familiarity. Foods, 13.10.3390/foods13132111 ↗
76. Drake, K. (2025, February 15). The Airline Industry Is in Trouble. Is Bottomless Caviar the Answer?. Available online: https://www.ft.com/content/018f132b-864d-4c53-8ebf-a5cad8ee4bdb.
77. Kim, S. (2025, February 15). The British Airways Solution to Bland Airline Food. Available online: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/The-British-Airways-solution-to-bland-airline-food/.
78. Wearable sensors to measure the influence of sonic seasoning on wine consumers in a live context: A preliminary proof-of-concept study10.1002/jsfa.13432 ↗
79. The role of auditory cues in modulating the perceived crispness and staleness of potato chips10.1111/j.1745-459x.2004.080403.x ↗
80. Franco, L.S., Shanahan, D.F., and Fuller, R.A. (2007). A review of the benefits of nature experiences: More than meets the eye. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 14.10.3390/ijerph14080864 ↗
81. Sound palate: Finnair’s “hear the taste” bisensory experience
82. Venturi, F., Tonacci, A., Ascrizzi, R., Sansone, F., Conte, R., Pala, A.P., Tarabella, A., Sanmartin, C., Taglieri, I., and Marangoni, R. (2024). “CANTINA 5.0”—A Novel, Industry 5.0-Based Paradigm Applied to the Winemaking Industry in Italy. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14114777 ↗
83. The (gradual) development of emotion measurement for food10.1016/j.cofs.2021.03.017 ↗
84. Enjoying food without caloric cost: The impact of brief mindfulness on laboratory eating outcomes10.1016/j.brat.2016.02.002 ↗