journal article·2025-07-06Open access

Mathematical Model of Data Processing in a Personalized Search Recommendation System for Digital Collections

Serhii Semenov, Wojciech Baran, Magdalena Andrzejewska, Maxim Pochebut, Inna Petrovska, Oksana Sitnikova, Marharyta Melnyk, Anastasiya Mekhovykh

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 13

Abstract

This paper presents a probabilistic-temporal modeling approach for analyzing data processing stages in a personalized recommendation system for digital heritage collections. The methodology is based on (Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique) GERT network formalism, which enables the representation of complex probabilistic workflows with feedbacks and alternative branches. For each processing stage, corresponding GERT-schemes were developed, and equivalent transfer functions were derived. Using Laplace transform inversion techniques, probability density functions of processing time were recovered, followed by the calculation of key statistical metrics, including expectation, standard deviation, and quantiles. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach allows for detailed temporal performance evaluation, including the estimation of time exceedance probabilities at each stage. This provides a quantitative basis for optimizing recommendation system design and highlights the applicability of GERT-based modeling to intelligent data-driven services in the cultural domain.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Big Data Technologies and Applications

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Institute of Security and Computer Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, 30-084 Krakow, Poland

Department of Information Technology and Cyber Security, Science Entrepreneurship Technology University, M. Shpaka St., 3, 03113 Kiyv, Ukraine

References (35)

Show source-provided references
1. Development of a Fuzzy GERT-Model for Investigating Common Software Vulnerabilities
2. Li, Z., Nie, X., Wang, B., and Fan, T. (2019). Analysis of the Transmission of Project Duration and Cost Impacts Based on the GERT Network Technique. Symmetry, 11.10.3390/sym11030337 ↗
3. The MovieLens Datasets: History and context
4. Matrix factorization techniques for recommender systems10.1109/MC.2009.263 ↗
5. Deep Learning Based Recommender System: A Survey and New Perspectives
6. Sequence-Aware Recommender Systems
7. Fayyaz, Z., Ebrahimian, M., Nawara, D., Ibrahim, A., and Kashef, R. (2020). Recommendation Systems: Algorithms, Challenges, Metrics, and Business Opportunities. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10217748 ↗
8. Recent Developments in Recommender Systems: A Survey10.1109/MCI.2024.3363984 ↗
9. Dam, N., and Dinh, T. (2020, January 5–7). A Literature Review of Recommender Systems for the Cultural Sector. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems (ICEIS), Prague, Czech Republic.10.5220/0009337807150726 ↗
10. Loboda, O., Nyhan, J., Mahony, S., Romano, D., and Terras, M. (2019). Content-Based Recommender Systems for Heritage: Developing a Personalised Museum Tour, DSRS-Turing.
11. Recommendations Based on Semantically Enriched Museum Collections10.1016/j.websem.2008.09.002 ↗
12. On the role of user segmentation in recommender systems’ performances10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.224 ↗
13. Jung, H., Park, H., and Lee, K. (2023). Enhancing Recommender Systems with Semantic User Profiling through Frequent Subgraph Mining on Knowledge Graphs. Appl. Sci., 13.10.3390/app131810041 ↗
14. Leiva, W.L., Li, M.-L., and Tsai, C.-Y. (2021). A Two-Phase Deep Learning-Based Recommender System: Enhanced by a Data Quality Inspector. Appl. Sci., 11.10.3390/app11209667 ↗
15. Nadeem, F., and Suleman, M. (2024). Developing a Personalized Recommender System for Enhanced User Experience in Mobile Applications, ResearchGate.
16. Advancements in recommender systems: A comprehensive analysis based on data, algorithms, and evaluation10.12928/ijio.v6i1.11107 ↗
17. Contemporary Recommendation Systems on Big Data and Their Applications: A Survey10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3517492 ↗
18. Improvements on Recommender System Based on Mathematical Principles
19. Mohammed, A.S., Meleshko, Y., Balaji, B.S., and Serhii, S. (2019, January 11–12). Collaborative Filtering Method with the use of Production Rules. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Knowledge Economy (ICCIKE), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.10.1109/ICCIKE47802.2019.9004257 ↗
20. Gupta, G., and Katarya, R. (2018, January 14–15). A Study of Recommender Systems Using Markov Decision Process. Proceedings of the 2018 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India.10.1109/ICCONS.2018.8663161 ↗
21. Wang, L., and Jin, D. (2024). A Time-Sensitive Graph Neural Network for Session-Based New Item Recommendation. Electronics, 13.10.3390/electronics13010223 ↗
22. Constructing the mathematical model of a recommender system for decentralized peer-to-peer computer networks
23. Liu, J., and Duan, L. (2021, January 12–14). A Survey on Knowledge Graph-Based Recommender Systems. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 5th Advanced Information Technology, Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IAEAC), Chongqing, China.10.1109/IAEAC50856.2021.9390863 ↗
24. Baig, D., Nurbakova, D., Mbaye, B., and Calabretto, S. (2024, January 1–4). Knowledge Graph-Based Recommendation System for Personalized E-Learning. Proceedings of the 32nd ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP Adjunct ′24), Cagliari, Italy.10.1145/3631700.3665229 ↗
25. Vultureanu-Albişi, A., Murareţu, I., and Bădică, C. (2025). Explainable Recommender Systems Through Reinforcement Learning and Knowledge Distillation on Knowledge Graphs. Information, 16.10.3390/info16040282 ↗
26. (2020). Ruiqin Wang, Yunliang Jiang, Jungang Lou, TDR: Two-stage deep recommendation model based on mSDA and DNN. Expert Syst. Appl., 145, 113116.10.1016/j.eswa.2019.113116 ↗
27. Toward the next generation of recommender systems: A survey of the state-of-the-art and possible extensions10.1109/TKDE.2005.99 ↗
28. Hybrid Recommender Systems: Survey and Experiments10.1023/A:1021240730564 ↗
29. Ricci, F., Rokach, L., and Shapira, B. (2010). Recommender Systems Handbook, Springer.10.1007/978-0-387-85820-3 ↗
30. Pawlicka, A., Pawlicki, M., Kozik, R., and Choraś, R.S. (2021). A Systematic Review of Recommender Systems and Their Applications in Cybersecurity. Sensors, 21.10.3390/s21155248 ↗
31. Meleshko, Y., Yakymenko, M., and Semenov, S. (2021, January 22–23). A Method of Detecting Bot Networks Based on Graph Clustering in the Recommendation System of Social Network. Proceedings of the CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 5th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Systems, Lviv, Ukraine. Available online: https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2870/paper92.pdf.
32. Gockenbach, M.S. (2011). Partial Differential Equations: Analytical and Numerical Methods, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. [2nd ed.].10.1137/1.9780898719482 ↗
33. Methodology of probabilistic analysis of state dynamics of multi dimensional semi Markov dynamic systems
34. Kontiza, K., Loboda, O., Deladiennee, L., Castagnos, S., and Naudet, Y. (2018, January 3). A Museum App to Trigger Users’ Reflection. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Mobile Access to Cultural Heritage (MobileCH2018), Barcelona, Spain. ⟨hal-02471994⟩.
35. Unravelling the relationship between response time and user experience in mobile applications10.1108/INTR-05-2019-0223 ↗