journal article·2025-05-08Open access

ICSO: A Novel Hybrid Evolutionary Approach with Crisscross and Perturbation Mechanisms for Optimizing Generative Adversarial Network Latent Space

Zhihui Chen, Ting Lan, Zhanchuan Cai, Zonglin Liu, Renzhang Chen

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 10

Abstract

Hybrid evolutionary approaches have gained significant attention for solving complex optimization problems, but their potential for optimizing the low-dimensional latent space of generative adversarial networks (GANs) remains underexplored. This paper proposes a novel improved crisscross optimization (ICSO) algorithm, a hybrid evolutionary approach that integrates crisscross optimization and perturbation mechanisms to find the suitable latent vector. The ICSO algorithm treats the quality and diversity as separate objectives, balancing them through a normalization strategy, while a gradient regularization term (i.e., GP) is introduced into the discriminator’s objective function to stabilize training and mitigate gradient-related issues. By combining the global and local search capabilities of particle swarm optimization (PSO) with the rapid convergence of crisscross optimization, ICSO efficiently explores and exploits the latent space. The extensive experiments demonstrate that ICSO outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in optimizing the latent space of various classical GANs across multiple datasets. Furthermore, the practical applicability of ICSO is validated through its integration with StyleGAN3 for generating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, showcasing its effectiveness in real-world engineering applications. This work not only advances the field of GAN optimization but also provides a robust framework for applying hybrid evolutionary algorithms to complex generative modeling tasks.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis · Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications · Digital Media Forensic Detection

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

School of Computer Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China

School of Information and Intelligent Engineering, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou 523133, China

LANGO Tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510000, China

The Modern Educational Technology Center, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519070, China

Funding

Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau · Macau University of Science and Technology Faculty Research Grants · Guangzhou Development District International Cooperation Project

References (39)

Show source-provided references
1. Zhu, B., and Hu, X.G. (2024). WGAN-Based Realization Process of Gravel Soil for Hydraulic Property Simulation. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14219873 ↗
2. Jeong, H., Lee, H., Kim, C., and Shin, S. (2024). A Survey of Robot Intelligence with Large Language Models. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14198868 ↗
3. Ruiz-Gándara, A., and Gonzalez-Abril, L. (2024). Generative Adversarial Networks in Business and Social Science. Appl. Sci., 14.10.20944/preprints202407.2122.v1 ↗
4. Bonci, A., Fredianelli, L., Kermenov, R., Longarini, L., Longhi, S., Pompei, G., Prist, M., and Verdini, C. (2024). DeepESN Neural Networks for Industrial Predictive Maintenance through Anomaly Detection from Production Energy Data. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14198686 ↗
5. Wu, Z., Wei, C., Xia, Y., and Ji, Z. (2024). SAITI-DCGAN: Self-Attention based Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks for Data Augmentation of Infrared Thermal Images. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app142311391 ↗
6. Tamayo-Urgilés, D., Sanchez-Gordon, S., Valdivieso Caraguay, Á.L., and Hernández-Álvarez, M. (2024). GAN-Based Generation of Synthetic Data for Vehicle Driving Events. Appl. Sci., 14.10.3390/app14209269 ↗
7. Wang, Z., and Wang, C. (2025). DSpix2pix: A New Dual-Style Controlled Reconstruction Network for Remote Sensing Image Super-Resolution. Appl. Sci., 15.10.3390/app15031179 ↗
8. Crisscross Optimization Algorithm and its Appl10.1016/j.knosys.2014.05.004 ↗
9. A Novel Multi-Gradient Evolutionary Deep Learning Approach for Few-Shot Wind Power Prediction Using Time-Series GAN10.1016/j.energy.2023.129139 ↗
10. A Novel Few-Shot Learning Approach for Wind Power Prediction Applying Secondary Evolutionary Generative Adversarial Network10.1016/j.energy.2022.125276 ↗
11. Towards Spatially Disentangled Manipulation of Face Images with Pre-Trained StyleGANs10.1109/TCSVT.2022.3213662 ↗
12. Stabilizing Training of Generative Adversarial Nets via Langevin Stein Variational Gradient Descent10.1109/TNNLS.2020.3045082 ↗
13. Normality Learning in Multispace for Video Anomaly Detection10.1109/TCSVT.2020.3039798 ↗
14. Generating Semantic Adversarial Examples via Feature Manipulation in Latent Space10.1109/TNNLS.2023.3299408 ↗
15. Li, J., Li, J., Zhou, W., and Lü, S. (2021). IE-GAN: An Improved Evolutionary Generative Adversarial Network Using a New Fitness Function and a Generic Crossover Operator. arXiv.
16. Gulrajani, I., Ahmed, F., Arjovsky, M., Dumoulin, V., and Courville, A.C. (2017, January 4–9). Improved Training of Wasserstein GANs. Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Long Beach, CA, USA.
17. Steffen, V. (2022). Particle Swarm Optimization with a Simplex Strategy to Avoid Getting Stuck on Local Optimum. AI Comput. Sci. Robot. Technol., 1–40.10.5772/acrt.11 ↗
18. Improving Generative Adversarial Networks via Adversarial Learning in Latent Space
19. Salimans, T., Goodfellow, I., Zaremba, W., Cheung, V., Radford, A., and Chen, X. (2016, January 5–10). Improved Techniques for Training GANs. Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Barcelona, Spain.
20. Heusel, M., Ramsauer, H., Unterthiner, T., Nessler, B., and Hochreiter, S. (2017, January 4–9). GANs Trained by a Two Time-Scale Update Rule Converge to a Local Nash Equilibrium. Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Long Beach, CA, USA.
21. Naeem, M.F., Oh, S.J., Uh, Y., Choi, Y., and Yoo, J. (2020, January 13–18). Reliable Fidelity and Diversity Metrics for Generative Models. Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning, Online.
22. Progressive Expansion: Cost-Efficient Medical Image Analysis Model with Reversed Once-For-All Network Training Paradigm10.1016/j.neucom.2024.127512 ↗
23. Arjovsky, M., Chintala, S., and Bottou, L. (2017, January 6–11). Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks. Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, Sydney, Australia.
24. Miyato, T., Kataoka, T., Koyama, M., and Yoshida, Y. (May, January 30). Spectral Normalization for Generative Adversarial Networks. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Learning Representations, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
25. Mao, X., Li, Q., Xie, H., Lau, R.Y., Wang, Z., and Paul Smolley, S. (2017, January 22–29). Least Squares Generative Adversarial Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Venice, Italy.10.1109/ICCV.2017.304 ↗
26. Wu, J., Huang, Z., Thoma, J., Acharya, D., and Van Gool, L. (2018, January 8–14). Wasserstein Divergence for GANs. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Munich, Germany.10.1007/978-3-030-01228-1_40 ↗
27. Rebooting Acgan: Auxiliary Classifier GANs with Stable Training
28. Goodfellow, I., Pouget Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde Farley, D., Ozair, S., Courville, A., and Bengio, Y. (2014, January 8–13). Generative Adversarial Nets. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada.
29. Evolutionary Generative Adversarial Networks10.1109/TEVC.2019.2895748 ↗
30. Kennedy, J., and Eberhart, R. (December, January 27). Particle Swarm Optimization. Proceedings of the ICNN’95-International Conference on Neural Networks, Perth, Australia.
31. Differential Evolution–a Simple and Efficient Heuristic for Global Optimization over Continuous Sspaces10.1023/A:1008202821328 ↗
32. Benmamoun, Z., Khlie, K., Bektemyssova, G., Dehghani, M., and Gherabi, Y. (2024). Bobcat Optimization Algorithm: An Effective Bio-Inspired Metaheuristic Algorithm for Solving Supply Chain Optimization Problems. Sci. Rep., 14.10.1038/s41598-024-70497-1 ↗
33. Benmamoun, Z., Khlie, K., Dehghani, M., and Gherabi, Y. (2024). WOA: Wombat Optimization Algorithm for Solving Supply Chain Optimization Problems. Mathematics, 12.10.3390/math12071059 ↗
34. Alias-Free Generative Adversarial Networks
35. EACP: An Effective Automatic Channel Pruning for Neural Networks10.1016/j.neucom.2023.01.014 ↗
36. Improving NeuCube Spiking Neural Network for EEG-based Pattern Recognition using Transfer Learning10.1016/j.neucom.2023.01.087 ↗
37. Bińkowski, M., Sutherland, D.J., Arbel, M., and Gretton, A. (2018). Demystifying MMD GANs. arXiv.
38. Kynkäänniemi, T., Karras, T., Laine, S., Lehtinen, J., and Aila, T. (2019, January 8–14). Improved Precision and Recall Metric for Assessing Generative Models. Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
39. Karras, T., Laine, S., and Aila, T. (2019, January 15–20). A Style-Based Generator Architecture for Generative Adversarial Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Long Beach, CA, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2019.00453 ↗