Investigation of the Mechanical and Magnetic Property Changes in Austenitic Stainless Steel AISI 304 After Cold Rolling Under Various Heat Treatment Conditions
Source abstract
Abstract
This study systematically investigates the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical and magnetic properties of AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel following cold rolling. Experimental analyses were conducted on samples annealed at 50 °C to 1200 °C in 25 °C increments. The mechanical properties were characterized through chemical and metallographic analyses, microhardness testing, hardness measurements, and tear-off force evaluations. Magnetic properties were assessed using a fluxgate sensor to analyze the intrinsic magnetic field variations. The findings reveal that the magnetic field intensity peaks at an annealing temperature of 100 °C, followed by a progressive decline up to 700 °C. A pronounced reduction in magnetic properties was observed at 500 °C, with stabilization beyond 700 °C. Notably, the increase in magnetic field intensity at 100 °C suggests a potential transformation of deformation-induced martensite back into austenite. These results provide insights into the thermal stability of cold-rolled AISI 304 stainless steel and its structural evolution, contributing to a deeper understanding of its mechanical and magnetic behavior under varying heat treatment conditions.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels · Metallurgy and Material Forming · Aluminum Alloy Microstructure Properties
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Electromagnetic and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia
Secondary Vocational School of Electrical Engineering, Komenskeho 50, 010 01 Zilina, Slovakia
Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 8215/1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia
References (35)
Show source-provided references
1. (2024, October 14). Statistical Yearbook of the Slovak Republic 2024: Demography and Social Statistics. Statistical Office of The Slovak Republic. Available online: https://slovak.statistics.sk.
2. (2024, October 14). OECD/European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Slovakia: Health Profile of the Country 2021. Available online: https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2022-01/2021_chp_sk_slovak.pdf.
3. (2024, November 05). Orthopedic Implants: Evaluating the Market Potential of the Unparalleled & LifeSaving Equipment. Healthcare Market Research Reports. Available online: https://www.delveinsight.com/blog/orthopedic-implants-market-outlook-and-forecast.
4. Periprosthetic Fractures Evaluation and Treatment10.1097/00003086-200403000-00012 ↗
5. Andersen, P.J. (2011). Metals for Use in Medicine. Comprehensive Biomaterials, Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-08-055294-1.00012-X ↗
6. Improved magnetic-based apparatus enables nondestructive and highly sensitive steel-bar corrosion detection10.1016/j.measurement.2024.114930 ↗
7. Classification of Biomaterials used in Medicine
8. Novel insight into swept frequency eddy-current nondestructive evaluation of material defects10.1016/j.measurement.2017.11.039 ↗
9. Hassani, S., and Dackermann, U. (2023). A Systematic Review of Advanced Sensor Technologies for Nondestructive Testing and Structural Health Monitoring. Sensors, 23.10.3390/s23042204 ↗
10. Newson, T. (2002). Stainless steel—A family of medical device materials. Business Briefing: Medical Device Manufacturing & Technology, World Markets Research Centre.
11. Psuj, G., and Szymanik, B. (2023). Structural Health Monitoring: Latest Applications and Data Analysis. Appl. Sci., 13.10.3390/app13137617 ↗
12. Diagnosis and Detection of Subtle Aseptic Loosening in Total Hip Arthroplasty10.1016/j.arth.2022.02.060 ↗
13. Do Modern Femoral Stems Break?10.4172/2165-7920.1000497 ↗
14. Diagnosis of real cracks from eddy current testing signals using parallel computation10.1080/10589759.2016.1241250 ↗
15. A Study on the Magnetic Permeability of Austenitic Stainless Steel in Large-Scale Electrophysical Devices10.1109/TPS.2024.3355386 ↗
16. Hip endoprosthesis shaft fractures—A clinical and technological material study
17. Fracture of fully hydroxyapatite-coated titanium femoral stem of a total hip replacement—A report of 3 cases10.1080/00016470410004175 ↗
18. Collings, E.W. (1980). The Magnetic Character of Austenitic Stainless Steels. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials, Springer.10.1007/978-1-4613-9859-2_3 ↗
19. A comprehensive review on metallic implant biomaterials and their subtractive manufacturing10.1007/s00170-022-08770-8 ↗
20. Nouri, A., and Wen, C. (2021). Stainless steel in orthopedics. Structural Biomaterials, Woodhead Publishing.10.1016/B978-0-12-818831-6.00008-2 ↗
21. Randelovic, S. (2018). Manufacturability of biomaterials. Biomaterials in Clinical Practice, Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-68025-5_24 ↗
22. Biomaterial Studies on AISI 316L Stainless Steel after Magnetoelectropolishing10.3390/ma2010129 ↗
23. Goharian, A., and Abdullah, M.R. (2017). Bioinert Metals (Stainless Steel, Titanium, Cobalt Chromium). Trauma Plating Systems, Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-12-804634-0.00007-0 ↗
24. Total hip arthroplasty: Survival and modes of failure10.1302/2058-5241.3.170068 ↗
25. Some observations on failure of austenitic stainless steel: Effects of in- and out of plane constraint10.1016/j.prostr.2019.08.188 ↗
26. Change of magnetic properties in austenitic stainless steels due to plastic deformation10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.352 ↗
27. Lopato, P., and Herbko, M. (2020). Evaluation of Selected Metasurfaces’ Sensitivity to Planar Geometry Distortions. Appl. Sci., 10.10.3390/app10010261 ↗
28. Desai, S., Bidanda, B., and Bartolo, P. (2008). Metallic and ceramic biomaterials: Current and future developments. Bio-Materials and Prototyping Applications in Medicine, Springer.10.1007/978-0-387-47683-4_1 ↗
29. Failure Analysis of a Stainless-Steel Hip Implant10.1007/s11668-023-01622-x ↗
30. Effect of Deformation on the Magnetic Properties of C + N Austenitic Steel10.1007/s11661-023-07237-z ↗
31. Microstructure and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels after cold rolling10.1361/105994902770344204 ↗
32. Hartansky, R., Mierka, M., Jancarik, V., Bittera, M., Halgos, J., Dzuris, M., Krchnak, J., Hricko, J., and Andok, R. (2023). Towards a MEMS Force Sensor via the Electromagnetic Principle. Sensors, 23.10.3390/s23031241 ↗
33. Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Mechanical Properties of the AISI 304 Stainless Steel
34. Role of strain-induced martensite on microstructural evolution during annealing of metastable austenitic stainless steel
35. Microstructural Evolutions During Annealing of Plastically Deformed AISI 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel: Martensite Reversion, Grain Refinement, Recrystallization, and Grain Growth10.1007/s11661-016-3589-1 ↗