journal article·2022-09-27Open access

A Multiple-Choice Maze-like Spatial Navigation Task for Humans Implemented in a Real-Space, Multipurpose Circular Arena

Pablo Muela, Elisa Cintado, Patricia Tezanos, Benjamín Fernández-García, Cristina Tomás-Zapico, Eduardo Iglesias-Gutiérrez, Angel Enrique Díaz Martínez, Ray G. Butler, Victor Cuadrado-Peñafiel, Ricardo De la Vega, Vanesa Soto-León, Antonio Oliviero, Laura López-Mascaraque, José Luis Trejo

Applied Sciences· Volume 12· Issue 19

Abstract

Spatial navigation is a key aspect of human behavior and it is still not completely understood. A number of experimental approaches exist, although most of the published data in the last decades have relied on virtual maze on-screen simulation or not-completely freely moving 3D devices. Some interesting recent developments, such as circular mazes, have contributed to analyze critical aspects of freely moving human spatial navigation in real space, although dedicated protocols only allow for simple approaches. Here, we have developed both specifically designed and home-assembled hardware equipment, and a customized protocol for spatial navigation evaluation in freely moving humans in a real space circular arena. The spatial navigation protocol poses an imitation of a real-space multiple-choice path maze with cul-de-sac and instances of non-linear movement. We have compared the results of this system to those of a number of validated, both virtual and real, spatial navigation tests in a group of participants. The system composed by hardware, the test protocol, and dedicated measure analysis designed in our laboratory allows us to evaluate human spatial navigation in a complex maze with a small and portable structure, yielding a highly flexible, adaptable, and versatile access to information about the subjects’ spatial navigation abilities.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Spatial Cognition and Navigation · Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology · Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department Translational Neuroscience, Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain

PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autónoma de Madrid University-Cajal Institute, 28002 Madrid, Spain

Department Morphology and Cell Biology, Anatomy Area, University of Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain

Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Asturias, Spain

Department Functional Biology, Physiology Area, University of Oviedo, 33006 Asturias, Spain

Clinical Laboratory Unit, Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Commission for the Fight against Doping in Sport (Comisión Española para la Lucha Antidopaje en el Deporte—CELAD), 28040 Madrid, Spain

Butler Scientifics, 08023 Barcelona, Spain

Department Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain

FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45004 Toledo, Spain

Unidad Avanzada de Neurorrehabilitación, Hospital Los Madroños, 28690 Brunete, Spain

Department of Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, CSIC, 28002 Madrid, Spain

Funding

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación · Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad · Ministerio de Universidades

References (42)

Show source-provided references
1. Ekstrom, A.D., Spiers, H.J., Bohbot, V.D., and Rosenbaum, R.S. (2018). Human Spatial Navigation, Princeton University Press.10.2307/j.ctvc773wg ↗
2. Egocentric and Allocentric Spatial Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment with Real-World and Virtual Navigation Tasks: A Systematic Review10.3233/JAD-201017 ↗
3. Miyake, A., and Shah, P. (2005). Navigation. The Cambridge Handbook of Visuospatial Thinking, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology.
4. The Versatile Wayfinder: Prefrontal Contributions to Spatial Navigation10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.010 ↗
5. Time as the Fourth Dimension in the Hippocampus10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101920 ↗
6. Promises and Challenges of Human Computational Ethology10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.021 ↗
7. Extrahippocampal Contributions to Age Differences in Human Spatial Navigation10.1093/cercor/bhl036 ↗
8. Gender Differences in Spatial Navigation
9. Gender Differences in Spatial Navigation: Characterizing Wayfinding Behaviors10.3758/s13423-019-01659-w ↗
10. Spatial Navigation in the Elderly with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study10.3233/JAD-180819 ↗
11. Age-Related Changes in Spatial Navigation Are Evident by Midlife and Differ by Sex10.1177/0956797620979185 ↗
12. Cognitive Aging and Time Perception: Roles of Bayesian Optimization and Degeneracy10.3389/fnagi.2016.00102 ↗
13. Spatial Navigation in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis10.1016/j.exger.2022.111852 ↗
14. Cammisuli, D.M., Cipriani, G., and Castelnuovo, G. (2022). Technological Solutions for Diagnosis, Management and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Symptoms: A Structured Review of the Recent Scientific Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.10.3390/ijerph19053122 ↗
15. Spatial Navigation in Normal Aging and the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease: Insights from Imaging and Behavioral Studies10.1016/j.arr.2012.04.007 ↗
16. Spatial Navigation-a Unique Window into Physiological and Pathological Aging10.3389/fnagi.2012.00016 ↗
17. The Effect of Alzheimer’s Disease on Spatial Navigation Strategies10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.019 ↗
18. Spatial Navigation: Implications for Animal Models, Drug Development and Human Studies10.33549/physiolres.932660 ↗
19. Complex Spatial Navigation in Animals, Computational Models and Neuro-Inspired Robots10.1007/s00422-020-00832-y ↗
20. Navigating Through Time: A Spatial Navigation Perspective on How the Brain May Encode Time10.1146/annurev-neuro-101419-011117 ↗
21. Psychometric Tests and Spatial Navigation: Data From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging10.3389/fneur.2020.00484 ↗
22. Spatial Navigation Testing Discriminates Two Types of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.041 ↗
23. Human Analogue of the Morris Water Maze for Testing Subjects at Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease10.1159/000289226 ↗
24. From Morris Water Maze to Computer Tests in the Prediction of Alzheimer’s Disease10.1159/000333121 ↗
25. Testing Navigation in Real Space: Contributions to Understanding the Physiology and Pathology of Human Navigation Control10.3389/fncir.2020.00006 ↗
26. The Potential of Virtual Reality for Spatial Navigation Research across the Adult Lifespan10.1242/jeb.187252 ↗
27. Navigation in Real-World Environments: New Opportunities Afforded by Advances in Mobile Brain Imaging10.3389/fnhum.2018.00361 ↗
28. A Non-Invasive Hidden-Goal Test for Spatial Orientation Deficit Detection in Subjects with Suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108547 ↗
29. Allothetic Orientation and Sequential Ordering of Places Is Impaired in Early Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease: Corresponding Results in Real Space Tests and Computer Tests10.1016/j.bbr.2004.10.016 ↗
30. Scopolamine Disrupts Place Navigation in Rats and Humans: A Translational Validation of the Hidden Goal Task in the Morris Water Maze and a Real Maze for Humans10.1007/s00213-016-4488-2 ↗
31. Fiji: An Open-Source Platform for Biological-Image Analysis10.1038/nmeth.2019 ↗
32. Evans, J.D. (1996). Straightforward Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
33. Real-Life Memory and Spatial Navigation in Patients with Focal Epilepsy: Ecological Validity of a Virtual Reality Supermarket Task10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.11.014 ↗
34. Wireless Programmable Recording and Stimulation of Deep Brain Activity in Freely Moving Humans10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.021 ↗
35. Variations in Intraocular Pressure and Visual Parameters before and after Using Mobile Virtual Reality Glasses and Their Effects on the Eyes10.1038/s41598-022-07090-x ↗
36. Contextual Sensory Integration Training via Head Mounted Display for Individuals with Vestibular Disorders: A Feasibility Study10.1080/17483107.2020.1765419 ↗
37. Diffusion of Technology: Frequency of Use for Younger and Older Adults10.1007/s12126-010-9077-9 ↗
38. Effects of Aging on Habituation to Novelty: An ERP Study
39. Markers of Novelty Processing in Older Adults Are Stable and Reliable10.3389/fnagi.2019.00165 ↗
40. Eye Proprioception May Provide Real Time Eye Position Information
41. Does Proprioception Influence Human Spatial Cognition? A Study on Individuals With Massive Deafferentation10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01322 ↗
42. Self-Controlling Photonic-on-Chip Networks with Deep Reinforcement Learning10.1038/s41598-021-02583-7 ↗