An Attempt to Study Foundation Anchoring Conditions in Sedimentary Estuaries Using Integrated Methods

The search for and knowledge of the best conditions for anchoring the foundations of certain structures such as bridges, tunnels and quays in sedimentary estuaries is a challenge, for both scientists in general and engineers in particular. Indeed, wharves are structures that receive a lot of stresses and therefore require anchoring to avoid tilting and to guarantee their stability during service. This work, based on the analysis of data from seismic refraction methods, mechanical soundings and laboratory tests, characterises the terrain of the Wouri estuary in Central Africa. The objective is to determine and present the subsurface layers encountered as well as their characteristics, in order to define the best conditions for anchoring the foundations to ensure the stability of the quays to be built there. The seismic refraction campaign shows that the study area is relatively heterogeneous over the first 25 m, with velocities measured in the range 1520–1750 m/s; modulated in two distinct ranges, between 1520–1580 m/s characteristic of mud and loose sediments (alternating layers of clay, sand, loose silt) and the range 1580–1750 m/s corresponding to the signature of sandy-silty or compact clays. The mechanical tests show sedimentary soils, with alternating layers of sandy clay and clayey sand over the 42 m drilled, loose over the first 30 m in the bank area and over the first 15 m in the canal or dredge area, with a limit pressure of less than 1 MPa. Similarly, the soil samples taken and tested in the laboratory show that the soils are clayey over the first 30 metres, plastic and liquid with respect to their water content, respectively, below and above the liquidity limits, confirming their loose character. The results of seismic refraction, mechanical soundings and laboratory tests show that, in estuarine areas characterised by alternating sandy clay and clayey sand, there are not always hard formations in the first 25 metres of depth but, from a depth of 30 m, the soils become moderately compact and begin to form an anchoring layer sufficient to guarantee the stability of the quays against earth pressure forces.