journal article·2021-08-17Open access

Line Drawing Extraction from Cartoons Using a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network

Kyungho Yu, Juhyeon Noh, Hee-Deok Yang

Applied Sciences· Volume 11· Issue 16

Abstract

Recently, three-dimensional (3D) content used in various fields has attracted attention owing to the development of virtual reality and augmented reality technologies. To produce 3D content, we need to model the objects as vertices. However, high-quality modeling is time-consuming and costly. Drawing-based modeling is a technique that shortens the time required for modeling. It refers to creating a 3D model based on a user’s line drawing, which is a 3D feature represented by two-dimensional (2D) lines. The extracted line drawing provides information about a 3D model in the 2D space. It is sometimes necessary to generate a line drawing from a 2D cartoon image to represent the 3D information of a 2D cartoon image. The extraction of consistent line drawings from 2D cartoons is difficult because the styles and techniques differ depending on the designer who produces the 2D cartoons. Therefore, it is necessary to extract line drawings that show the geometric characteristics well in 2D cartoon shapes of various styles. This paper proposes a method for automatically extracting line drawings. The 2D cartoon shading image and line drawings are learned using a conditional generative adversarial network model, which outputs the line drawings of the cartoon artwork. The experimental results show that the proposed method can obtain line drawings representing the 3D geometric characteristics with a 2D line when a 2D cartoon painting is used as the input.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques · 3D Shape Modeling and Analysis · Advanced Vision and Imaging

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Department of Computer Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-Daero, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea

References (23)

Show source-provided references
1. Sketch-based modeling: A survey10.1016/j.cag.2008.09.013 ↗
2. Efficient sketch-based creation of detailed character models through data-driven mesh deformations10.1002/cav.1656 ↗
3. Lun, Z., Gadelha, M., Kalogerakis, E., Maji, S., and Wang, R. (2007, January 10–14). 3D shape reconstruction from sketches via multi-view convolutional networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on 3D Vision, Rome, Italy.
4. Wang, F., Kang, L., and Li, Y. (2015, January 7–12). Sketch-based 3D shape retrieval using convolutional neural networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Boston, MA, USA.
5. DeCarlo, D., Finkelstein, A., and Rusinkiewicz, S. (2004, January 7–9). Interactive rendering of suggestive contours with temporal coherence. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Non-Photorealistic Animation and Rendering, Annecy, France.10.1145/987657.987661 ↗
6. Computing smooth surface contours with accurate topology
7. Apparent ridges for line drawing10.1145/1276377.1276401 ↗
8. Bender, J., Kuijper, A., Landesberger, T., Theisel, H., and Urban, P. (2014, January 8–10). Comparative evaluation of feature line techniques for shape depiction. Proceedings of the Vision, Modeling and Visualization, Darmstadt, Germany.
9. Eigen, D., and Fergus, R. (2015, January 7–13). Predicting depth, surface normal and semantic labels with a common multi-scale convolutional architecture. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision, Santiago, Chile.10.1109/ICCV.2015.304 ↗
10. Wang, X., Fouhey, D., and Gupta, A. (2015, January 7–12). Designing deep networks for surface normal estimation. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Boston, MA, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298652 ↗
11. Larsson, G., Maire, M., and Shakhnarovich, G. (2016, January 11–14). Learning representations for automatic colorization. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.10.1007/978-3-319-46493-0_35 ↗
12. Zhang, R., Isola, P., and Efros, A.A. (2016, January 11–14). Colorful image colorization. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.10.1007/978-3-319-46487-9_40 ↗
13. Johnson, J., Alahi, A., and Li, F.F. (2016, January 11–14). Perceptual losses for real-time style transfer and super-resolution. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.10.1007/978-3-319-46475-6_43 ↗
14. Ulyanov, D., Lebedev, V., Vedaldi, A., and Lempitsky, V. (2016, January 20–22). Texture networks: Feed-forward synthesis of textures and stylized images. Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Learning, New York, NY, USA.
15. Wu, J., Zhang, C., Xue, T., Freeman, B., and Tenenbaum, J. (2016, January 5–10). Learning a probabilistic latent space of object shapes via 3D generative-adversarial modeling. Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing Systems, Barcelona, Spain.
16. Choy, C.B., Xu, D., Gwak, J., Chen, K., and Savarese, S. (2016, January 11–14). 3DR2N2: A unified approach for single and multi-view 3D object reconstruction. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.10.1007/978-3-319-46484-8_38 ↗
17. Masci, J., Meier, U., Ciresan, D., and Schmidhuber, J. (2011, January 14–17). Stacked convolutional auto-encoders for hierarchical feature extraction. Proceedings of the Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning, Espoo, Finland.10.1007/978-3-642-21735-7_7 ↗
18. Zorin, D., Schröder, P., Derose, T., Kobbelt, L., Levin, A., and Sweldens, W. (2001, May 01). Subdivision for Modeling and Animation. Available online: http://multires.caltech.edu/pubs/sig00notes.pdf.
19. Chen, J., Du, L., and Liao, L. (2001, May 01). Discriminative mixture variational autoencoder for semisupervised classification. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9216561.
20. Goodfellow, I.J., Abadie, J.P., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Farley, D.W., Ozair, S., Courville, A., and Bengio, A. (2014, January 8–13). Generative adversarial nets. Proceedings of the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, Montreal, QC, Canada.
21. Isola, P., Zhu, J.Y., Zhou, T., and Efros, A.A. (2017, January 21–26). Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Honolulu, HI, USA.10.1109/CVPR.2017.632 ↗
22. Mirza, M., and Simon, O. (2014). Conditional generative adversarial nets. arXiv.
23. (2001, May 01). Cartoon 3D Models. Available online: https://sketchfab.com/tags/cartoon.