journal article·2025-08-20Open access

Study on the Stability Evaluation Index System for Rock Slope–Anchoring Systems

Peng Xia, Bowen Zeng, Jie Liu, Yiheng Pan

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 16

Abstract

The stability of rock slope–anchoring systems is one of the core concerns in protecting the ecological environment and ensuring the safe operation of hydropower, transportation, and construction projects. The stability evaluation index system is a critical factor influencing the accuracy of such assessments. This study establishes a stability evaluation index system for rock slope–anchoring systems by incorporating multi-factor influence mechanisms. The approach involves indicator screening, development of a hierarchical analytical structure, definition of classification criteria, and comparative analysis. The results indicate the following: (1) The proposed index system fully considers the deformation and failure modes of rock slopes, the factors influencing stability, and the safety-related parameters of anchoring structures. (2) It comprehensively captures the multi-factor influence patterns affecting the stability of the rock slope–anchoring system. (3) Compared with traditional empirical and equal-interval grading methods, the grading standards defined by this system are more accurate, better reflect the intrinsic data characteristics, and yield higher classification precision.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis · Landslides and related hazards · Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Stabilization

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China

Xinjiang Transportation Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Urumqi 831399, China

Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Highway Engineering Technology in Arid Desert Areas, Urumqi 831399, China

Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Highway Engineering Technology in Arid Desert Areas, Urumqi 831399, China

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China · Fujian Provincial Education Department Foundation · Xiamen Science and Technology Subsidy Project · Research Start-up Fundation of Jimei University

References (64)

Show source-provided references
1. Du, Y., Li, H., Chicas, S.D., and Huo, L. (2022). Progress and perspectives of geotechnical anchor bolts on slope engineering in China. Front. Environ. Sci., 10.10.3389/fenvs.2022.928064 ↗
2. Influence of corrosion on anchoring bond behavior of jointed rock mass10.1007/s12205-022-0324-x ↗
3. Operation condition of anchoring system in large-scale water conservancy and hydropower projects
4. Research status and development trend of geotechnical anchorage technology in hydropower projects
5. Review of non-destructive methods for rock bolts condition evaluation10.3390/mining3010007 ↗
6. Experimental Study on the Mechanical Behavior of Rock Bolts Subjected to Complex Static and Dynamic Loads10.1007/s00603-020-02205-0 ↗
7. A pioneer in-situ investigation on the bearing capacity and failure causes of real scale fully grouted rockbolts10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124826 ↗
8. Experimental study on the effect of water-induced deterioration on shear properties of bolted rock joints
9. A brief review of the slope stability analysis methods10.26480/gbr.02.2020.73.77 ↗
10. Applying various hybrid intelligent systems to evaluate and predict slope stability under static and dynamic conditions10.1007/s00500-018-3253-3 ↗
11. An effective artificial intelligence approach for slope stability evaluation10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3141432 ↗
12. Asteris, P.G., Rizal, F.I.M., Koopialipoor, M., Roussis, P.C., Ferentinou, M., Armaghani, D.J., and Gordan, B. (2022). Slope stability classification under seismic conditions using several tree-based intelligent techniques. Appl. Sci., 12.10.3390/app12031753 ↗
13. Evaluation and prediction of slope stability using machine learning approaches10.1007/s11709-021-0742-8 ↗
14. Comparative performance of eight ensemble learning approaches for the development of models of slope stability prediction10.1007/s11440-021-01440-1 ↗
15. SVNN-ANFIS approach for stability evaluation of open-pit mine slopes10.1016/j.eswa.2022.116816 ↗
16. Moayedi, H., Tien Bui, D., and Kok Foong, L. (2019). Slope stability monitoring using novel remote sensing based fuzzy logic. Sensors, 19.10.3390/s19214636 ↗
17. Ahangari Nanehkaran, Y., Pusatli, T., Chengyong, J., Chen, J., Cemiloglu, A., Azarafza, M., and Derakhshani, R. (2022). Application of machine learning techniques for the estimation of the safety factor in slope stability analysis. Water, 14.10.3390/w14223743 ↗
18. Stability analysis of complex rock slopes reinforced with prestressed anchor cables and anti-shear cavities10.1007/s10064-017-1171-8 ↗
19. Limit analysis under seismic conditions of a slope reinforced with prestressed anchor cables10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.12.027 ↗
20. Numerical simulation of the stability of a cutting slope and study on its reinforcement scheme10.1155/2022/5306923 ↗
21. Liu, Y., Lai, J., and Xu, J. (2024). Study on slope monitoring and stability based on bolt–cable combined support. Buildings, 14.10.3390/buildings14040886 ↗
22. Xia, P., Zeng, B., and Pan, Y. (2025). Stability Evaluation Method for Rock Slope-Anchorage Systems Based on Genetic Algorithms and Discrete Element Analysis. Appl. Sci., 15.10.3390/app15095057 ↗
23. Kinematic limit analysis of three-dimensional unsaturated soil slopes reinforced with a row of piles10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103428 ↗
24. Vector-sum method for 2D slope stability analysis considering vector characteristics of force10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001436 ↗
25. Stability analysis of slopes using the vector sum numerical manifold method10.1007/s10064-020-01903-x ↗
26. Reliability evaluation of a high slope reinforced by anchor based on the stochastic finite-element method: Case study
27. System reliability analysis of a slope stabilized with anchor cables and piles under seismic loading10.1007/s11440-023-01812-9 ↗
28. Slope Stability Analysis Based on Group Decision Theory and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation10.1007/s12583-020-1101-8 ↗
29. Intelligent prediction of slope stability based on visual exploratory data analysis of 77 in situ cases10.1016/j.ijmst.2022.07.002 ↗
30. Rock slope stability along road cut of Kulikawn to Saikhamakawn of Aizawl, Mizoram, India10.1007/s11069-019-03772-4 ↗
31. Comparative analysis of rockmass characterization techniques for the stability prediction of road cut slopes along NH-44A, Mizoram, India10.1007/s10064-019-01493-3 ↗
32. Safety Evaluation Method of Antifloating Anchor System Based on Comprehensive Weighting Method and Gray-Fuzzy Theory10.1155/2020/3216948 ↗
33. Evaluation of failure risk for prestressed anchor cables based on the AHP-ideal point method: An engineering application10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106293 ↗
34. Research on safety evaluation of bolt support based on analytic hierarchy process-entropy weight method10.1051/e3sconf/202021303019 ↗
35. Evaluation of the performance of yielding rockbolts during rockbursts using numerical modeling method10.1007/s40789-022-00537-6 ↗
36. Evaluation of a novel pyramidal design of rock bolt bearing plate using analytical, experimental, and numerical methods10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116998 ↗
37. Ye, W., Ma, Y., Qin, C., Wang, H., Li, C., and Ding, Z. (2024). Effects of degraded durability on the long-term stability of in-service slopes with reinforced concreted support structures. Sci. Rep., 14.10.1038/s41598-024-70537-w ↗
38. Skipochka, S., Krukovskyi, O., Serhiienko, S., and Krasovskyi, I. (2019). Non-destructive testing of rock bolt fastening as an element of monitoring the state of mine workings. Min. Miner. Depos., 16–23.10.33271/mining13.01.016 ↗
39. Zatar, W., Xiao, F., Chen, G., and Nghiem, H. (2025). Assessment of the Conditions of Anchor Bolts Grouted with Resin and Cement Through Impact-Echo Testing and Advanced Spectrum Analysis. Buildings, 15.10.3390/buildings15030399 ↗
40. Physical modeling of the rock bolt interaction with the rock massif10.1051/e3sconf/201912301002 ↗
41. Experimental and numerical evaluation on debonding of fully grouted rockbolt under pull-out loading10.1007/s40789-022-00482-4 ↗
42. Aghababaei, S., and Jalalifar, H. (2022). A field data-based approach for risk and relative efficiency assessment of rock bolt designs in underground coal mines. Research Square.10.21203/rs.3.rs-2068845/v1 ↗
43. Mechanical testing and numerical simulation of intelligent terminal structure of rockbolt used as a deformable support and for safety monitoring in rock engineering10.1016/j.tust.2024.105769 ↗
44. Fuławka, K., Pytel, W., Szumny, M., Mertuszka, P., Pałac-Walko, B., Hartlieb, P., Jakić, M., and Nöger, M. (2022). Prototype of instrumented rock bolt for continuous monitoring of roof fall hazard in deep underground mines. Sensors, 23.10.3390/s23010154 ↗
45. Predicting grout’s uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for fully grouted rock bolting system by applying ensemble machine learning techniques10.1007/s00521-024-10128-y ↗
46. Predicting axial-bearing capacity of fully grouted rock bolting systems by applying an ensemble system10.1007/s00500-024-09828-3 ↗
47. Assessment of the Stability of Rock Slopes by the Slope Stability Rating Classification System10.1007/s00603-009-0050-4 ↗
48. Evaluation method of slope stability based on the Qslope system and BQ method10.1007/s10064-019-01459-5 ↗
49. Rock slope stability analysis by using integrated approach10.4236/wjet.2020.83031 ↗
50. A comprehensive method of rock mass characterization for indicating natural slope instability10.1144/GSL.QJEGH.1996.029.P1.03 ↗
51. Probabilistic assessment of rock slopes stability using the response surface approach—A case study10.1016/j.ijmst.2018.11.002 ↗
52. A new method of assessing the stability of anti-dip bedding rock slopes subjected to earthquake10.1007/s10064-021-02188-4 ↗
53. Design and sensitivity analysis of rock slope using Monte Carlo simulation10.1007/s10706-019-01048-z ↗
54. Application of the modified Q-slope classification system for sedimentary rock slope stability assessment in Iran10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105349 ↗
55. Rock Slope Stability Assessment for Some Locations Within Koisanjaq City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq10.46717/igj.2025.58.1D.9 ↗
56. Kim, H., Rehman, H., Ali, W., Naji, A.M., Kim, J.J., Kim, J., and Yoo, H. (2019). Classification of factors affecting the performance of fully grouted rock bolts with empirical classification systems. Appl. Sci., 9.10.3390/app9224781 ↗
57. Frenelus, W., Peng, H., and Zhang, J. (2022). An insight from rock bolts and potential factors influencing their durability and the long-term stability of deep rock tunnels. Sustainability, 14.10.3390/su141710943 ↗
58. The effect of rock hardness and integrity on the failure mechanism of mortar bolt composite structure in a jointed rock mass10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106831 ↗
59. Assessment of bolt reinforcement effect based on analytic hierarchy process10.1007/s10706-018-0650-4 ↗
60. Lin, M., Zhang, F., and Wang, W. (2024). Experimental Study on Durability and Bond Properties of GFRP Resin Bolts. Materials, 17.10.3390/ma17122814 ↗
61. (2007). Code for Design of Slopes in Hydraulic and Hydroelectric Engineering (Standard No. SL386-2007). (In Chinese).
62. (2020). Technical Specification for Prestressed Anchoring in Hydraulic Engineering (Standard No. SL/T 212-2020). (In Chinese).
63. Wu, R. (2013). Study on the Mechanism of Rainfall-Induced Landslides. [Master’s Thesis, Central South University]. (In Chinese).
64. Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (1991). Handbook of Rock Mechanics Parameters, China Electric Power Press. (In Chinese).