Technical Chains in Civil and Urban Engineering: Review of Selected Solutions, Shaping, Geometry, and Dimensioning

This article provides an in-depth review of selected technical chains, with particular emphasis on link chains and their load transmission mechanisms. It explores structural and functional characteristics, highlighting how chain geometry affects stress distribution, fatigue life, and performance under various loading conditions. The study includes a detailed classification of chains by type, material, and application, ranging from steel-based lifting and transport chains to lightweight, corrosion-resistant polymer types. Manufacturing methods and connection techniques are also discussed, underscoring the importance of proper assembly for mechanical reliability. Special attention is given to the role of materials, particularly the emergence of polymer composites reinforced with glass or carbon fibers, which offer promising alternatives to conventional metals. Although such composites exhibit advantageous properties—such as low weight, corrosion resistance, and energy efficiency—their application remains limited, insufficient load-bearing capacity, and the absence of standardized design guidelines. The review identifies critical knowledge gaps in the field, especially concerning shaping, dimensioning, and normative requirements for polymer-based load-bearing chains. It also highlights the lack of focused research on chain-specific geometries and the need for numerical simulations to optimize link design. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of developing sustainable, durable, and standardized chain systems—particularly those utilizing recycled or novel materials—to meet both technical demands and environmental goals. This work supports future innovation in the design of advanced chain structures and provides a foundation for expanding the use of high-performance composites in civil and urban engineering applications.