The Elements Defining the Potential for the Development of Health-Promoting Substances from Secondary Herbal Materials
Source abstract
Abstract
Agricultural waste is rich in bioactive molecules. When evaluating the viability of circular models for the development of health-promoting substances and final products, it is important to highlight that the industrial processing of fruits and other valuable herbal materials generates a considerable number of by-products and significant amounts of waste that contain health-promoting components. These by-products can be utilized purposefully in pharmaceuticals and related areas for the development of health-promoting products. The linear utilization of agricultural waste results in the loss of a range of valuable bioactive compounds, including polyphenols (anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and related compounds), antioxidants from other groups, phytosterols, tocopherols, and fatty acids. As an illustrative example, the waste materials of species belonging to the Vaccinium L. genus represent a notable secondary resource that can be purposefully applied to the development of health-promoting preparations. The fruits of these wasted herbal materials have been found to contain beneficial polyphenols, which play a pivotal role in the prevention of various chronic conditions, including precancerous conditions, inflammatory diseases, and other ailments. In addition, the fruits of blackberries, elderberries, and purple corn—which are similarly rich in anthocyanins—also provide a promising avenue for further development. Phenolic compounds suitable for recycling are also found in the by-products of sugarcane harvesting. Tomato waste contains a significant amount of lycopene, which is a valuable carotenoid. Other physiological functions may be attributed to the aforementioned by-products of fruit processing which, if used properly, can contribute to the prevention of certain diseases and improving quality of life. This review assesses the gaps in the existing literature on the development of health-promoting substances from herbal secondary materials.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Food Industry and Aquatic Biology · Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies · Human Health and Disease
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Kaylor, A. (2024, July 29). 7 Ways to Increase Pharmaceutical Sustainability. Enhancing Pharmaceutical Sustainability Safeguards the Planet’s Health While Ensuring a Vital Global Supply of Medications. Available online: https://pharmanewsintel.com/features/7-ways-to-increase-pharmaceutical-sustainability.
2. Critical success and risk factors for circular business models valorising agricultural waste and by-products10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105236 ↗
3. Liu, H., Qin, S., Sirohi, R., Ahluwalia, V., Zhou, Y., Sindhu, R., Binod, P., Singhnia, R.R., Patel, A.K., and Juneja, A. (2021). Sustainable blueberry waste recycling towards biorefinery strategy and circular bioeconomy: A review. Bioresour. Technol., 332.10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125181 ↗
4. Comprehensive Review on Fruit Seeds: Nutritional, Phytochemical, Nanotechnology, Toxicity, Food Biochemistry, and Biotechnology Perspective10.1007/s12010-023-04674-9 ↗
5. A critical review on tropical fruits seeds as prospective sources of nutritional and bioactive compounds for functional foods development: A case of Indonesian exotic fruits10.1155/2020/4051475 ↗
6. Waste biorefinery models towards sustainable circular bioeconomy: Critical review and future perspectives10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.130 ↗
7. Mentink, B.A.S. (2014). Circular Business Model Innovation: A Process Framework and a Tool for Business Model Innovation in a Circular Economy. [Master’s Thesis, Delft University of Technology & Leiden University].
8. Product design and business model strategies for a circular economy
9. Exploring barriers to implementing different circular business models10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.03.052 ↗
10. Mak, T.M.W., Xiong, X., Tsang, D.C.W., Yu, I.K.M., and Poon, C.S. (2020). Sustainable food waste management towards circular bioeconomy: Policy review, limitations and opportunities. Bioresour. Technol., 297.10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122497 ↗
11. European Commission (2008). Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. Off. J. Eur. Union, 312, 3–30.
12. Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.09.005 ↗
13. Valorization of non-edible fruit seeds into valuable products: A sustainable approach towards circular bioeconomy10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171142 ↗
14. Izah, S.C., Ogwu, M.C., and Akram, M. (2024). Herbal Medicine and Sustainable Development Challenges and Opportunities. Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry. Reference Series in Phytochemistry, Springer.10.1007/978-3-031-43199-9 ↗
15. Ubando, A.T., Felix, C.B., and Chen, W.H. (2020). Biorefineries in circular bioeconomy: A comprehensive review. Bioresour. Technol., 299.10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122585 ↗
16. (2024, July 26). Closing the Loop—An EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52015DC0614.
17. Bio-refining of carbohydrate-rich food waste for biofuels10.3390/en8076350 ↗
18. Pawelczyk, A. (2005, January 4–8). EU policy and legislation on recycling of organic wastes to agriculture. Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress in Animal Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
19. Fruit seeds and their oils as promising sources of value-added lipids from agro-industrial byproducts: Oil content, lipid composition, lipid analysis, biological activity and potential biotechnological applications10.1080/10408398.2020.1757617 ↗
20. Gustavsson, J., Cederberg, C., Sonesson, U., Van Otterdijk, R., and Meybeck, A. (2011). Global Food Losses and Food Waste, FAO.
21. Sherwood, J. (2020). The significance of biomass in a circular economy. Bioresour. Technol., 300.10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122755 ↗
22. Energy and greenhouse gas life cycle assessment and cost analysis of aerobic and anaerobic membrane bioreactor systems: Influence of scale, population density, climate, and methane recovery10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.060 ↗
23. Green chemistry: Principles and practice10.1039/B918763B ↗
24. Polar lipids in cosmetics: Recent trends in extraction, separation, analysis and main applications10.1007/s11101-018-9588-7 ↗
25. (2024, July 29). Circular Economy: Definition, Importance and Benefits. Available online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20151201STO05603/circular-economy-definition-importance-and-benefits.
26. Van Renswoude, K., Ten Wolde, A., and Joustra, D.J. (2015). Circular Business Models—Part 1: An Introduction to IMSA’s Circular Business Model Scan, IMSA. Available online: http://circular-future.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/IMSA-Circular-Business-Models-April-2015-Part-1.pdf.
27. A review of new directions in managing fruit and vegetable processing by-products10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.021 ↗
28. Supercritical CO2 as a green solvent for the circular economy: Extraction of fatty acids from fruit pomace10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101259 ↗
29. Effect of acoustic frequency and power density on the aqueous ultrasonic-assisted extraction of grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L.)—A response surface approach10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.01.021 ↗
30. Vinegar production from Citrus bergamia by-products and preservation of bioactive compounds10.1007/s00217-020-03549-1 ↗
31. Current applications of citrus fruit processing waste: A scientific outlook10.1016/j.afres.2022.100050 ↗
32. (2024, July 29). Citrus. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Available online: https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/crop-information/citrus/en/.
33. Unraveling the scientific perspectives of citrus by-products utilization: Progress towards circular economy10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.018 ↗
34. Effects of hydrosoluble calcium ions and organic acids on citrus oil emulsions stabilized with citrus pectin10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105413 ↗
35. Prebiotic effects of citrus pectic oligosaccharides10.1080/14786419.2021.1948845 ↗
36. Pectic oligosaccharides and other emerging prebiotics
37. Ethanol shock enhances the recovery of anthocyanin from lowbush blueberry10.1016/j.cjche.2020.03.036 ↗
38. Anthocyanins from black soybean seed coats stimulate wound healing in fibroblasts and keratinocytes and prevent inflammation in endothelial cells10.1016/j.fct.2009.08.016 ↗
39. Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and its metabolites have modest anti-inflammatory effects in human whole blood cultures10.1016/j.nutres.2017.09.006 ↗
40. Contribution of phenolic compounds to the antioxidant potential and type II diabetes related enzyme inhibition properties of Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre seeds10.1016/j.procbio.2011.07.007 ↗
41. Antioxidant-rich diets improve cerebellar physiology and motor learning in aged rats10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02280-0 ↗
42. Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients10.3945/jn.114.205674 ↗
43. Anthocyanin absorption and metabolism by human intestinal Caco-2 cells—A review10.3390/ijms160921555 ↗
44. Techno-economic feasibility analysis of blue and purple corn processing for anthocyanin extraction and ethanol production using modified dry grind process10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.015 ↗
45. Improving technical and economic feasibility of water based anthocyanin recovery from purple corn using staged extraction approach10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112976 ↗
46. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins from blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) wine pomace10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.02.094 ↗
47. Fermented blueberry pomace with antioxidant properties improves fecal microbiota community structure and short chain fatty acids production in an in vitro mode10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109260 ↗
48. Anthocyanin profile and antioxidant capacity of black carrots (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) from Cuevas Bajas Spain10.1016/j.jfca.2013.11.005 ↗
49. Extraction of anthocyanins from industrial purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes and enzymatic hydrolysis of residues for fermentable sugars10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.07.020 ↗
50. Stoica, F., Rațu, R.N., Motrescu, I., Cara, I.G., Filip, M., Țopa, D., and Jităreanu, G. (2024). Application of Pomace Powder of Black Carrot as a Natural Food Ingredient in Yoghurt. Foods, 13.10.3390/foods13071130 ↗
51. Design and analysis of antioxidant compounds from Andes Berry fruits (Rubus glaucus Benth.) using an enhanced-fluidity liquid extraction process with CO2 and ethanol10.1016/j.supflu.2011.12.007 ↗
52. A biorefinery for efficient processing and utilization of spent pulp of Colombian Andes Berry (Rubus glaucus Benth.): Experimental, techno-economic and environmental assessment10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.050 ↗
53. Sirohi, R., Tarafdar, A., Singh, S., Negi, T., Kumar Gaur, V., Gnansounou, E., and Bharathiraja, B. (2020). Green processing and biotechnological potential of grape pomace: Current trends and opportunities for sustainable biorefinery. Bioresour. Technol., 314.10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123771 ↗
54. Qin, S., Giri, B.S., Patel, A.K., Sar, T., Liu, H., Chen, H., Juneja, A., Kumar, D., Zhang, Z., and Awasthi, M.K. (2021). Resource recovery and biorefinery potential of apple orchard waste in the circular bioeconomy. Bioresour. Technol., 321.10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124496 ↗
55. Biobutanol production from apple pomace: The importance of pretreatment methods on the fermentability of lignocellulosic agro-food wastes10.1007/s00253-017-8522-z ↗
56. Comprehensive characterization of hydrothermal liquefaction products obtained from woody biomass under various alkali catalyst concentrations10.1080/09593330.2018.1427799 ↗
57. Vieira, S., Barros, M.V., Sydney, A.C.N., Piekarski, C.M., de Francisco, A.C., de Souza Vandenberghe, L.P., and Sydney, E.B. (2020). Sustainability of sugarcane lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment for the production of bioethanol. Bioresour. Technol., 299.10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122635 ↗
58. Recovery of phenolics from the ethanolic extract of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) baggase and evaluation of the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.050 ↗
59. Effect of Liming Process on Physicochemical Properties and Phytochemical Components of Non-Centrifugal Sugar from Different Sugarcane Cultivars10.1007/s40003-019-00409-7 ↗
60. Teixeira, F.S., Vidigal, S.S.M.P., Pimentel, L.L., Costa, P.T., Pintado, M.E., and Rodríguez-Alcalá, L.M. (2021). Bioactive Sugarcane Lipids in a Circular Economy Context. Foods, 10.10.3390/foods10051125 ↗
61. Development of a tomato pomace biorefinery based on a CO2-supercritical extraction process for the production of a high value lycopene product, bioenergy and digestate10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118650 ↗
62. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lycopene: A review10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.05.012 ↗
63. Extraction and preservation of lycopene: A review of the advancements offered by the value chain of nanotechnology10.1016/j.tifs.2021.09.009 ↗
64. The cis-lycopene isomers composition in supercritical CO2 extracted tomato by-products10.1016/j.lwt.2017.03.034 ↗
65. Winery by-products: Extraction optimization, phenolic composition and cytotoxic evaluation to act as a new source of scavenging of reactive oxygen species10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.087 ↗
66. Antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, and phenolics of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) by-products as affected by fermentation10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.05.023 ↗
67. Kumar, V., Ahluwalia, V., Saran, S., Kumar, J., Patel, A.K., and Singhania, R.R. (2021). Recent developments on solid-state fermentation for production of microbial secondary metabolites: Challenges and solutions. Bioresour. Technol., 323.10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124566 ↗
68. Fruits and leaves from wild blueberry plants contain diverse polyphenols and decrease neuroinflammatory responses in microglia10.1016/j.jff.2020.103906 ↗
69. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of Malus domestica leaves10.1155/2014/306217 ↗
70. Caldeira, C., Vlysidis, A., Fiore, G., De Laurentiis, V., Vignali, G., and Sala, S. (2020). Sustainability of food waste biorefinery: A review on valorisation pathways, techno-economic constraints, and environmental assessment. Bioresour. Technol., 312.10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123575 ↗
71. Waste mitigation: From an effluent of apple juice concentrate industry to a valuable ingredient for food and feed applications10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.109 ↗
72. Organic solid waste biorefinery: Sustainable strategy for emerging circular bioeconomy in China10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112568 ↗
73. Apple pomace as a source of dietary fiber and polyphenols and its effect on the rheological characteristics and cake making10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.016 ↗
74. Gustafsson, J., Landberg, M., Bátori, V., Åkesson, D., Taherzadeh, M.J., and Zamani, A. (2019). Development of bio-based films and 3D objects from apple pomace. Polymers, 11.10.3390/polym11020289 ↗
75. Kham, N.N.N., Phovisay, S., Unban, K., Kanpiengjai, A., Saenjum, C., Lumyong, S., Shetty, K., and Khanongnuch, C. (2024). Valorization of Cashew Apple Waste into a Low-Alcohol, Healthy Drink Using a Co-Culture of Cyberlindnera rhodanensis DK and Lactobacillus pentosus A14-6. Foods, 13.10.3390/foods13101469 ↗
76. Valorisation of fruits, their juices and residues into valuable (nano) materials for applications in chemical catalysis and environment10.1002/tcr.202000078 ↗
77. Effects of solid-state fermentation with two filamentous fungi on the total phenolic contents, flavonoids, antioxidant activities and lipid fractions of plum fruit (Prunus domestica L.) by-products10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.016 ↗
78. Chemical composition of the shell of apricot seeds10.1002/jsfa.2740590220 ↗
79. LC/MS/MS characterization of phenolic constituents in dried plums10.1021/jf0201327 ↗
80. An approach to utilize date seeds biochar as waste material for thermal energy storage applications10.1016/j.est.2023.107739 ↗
81. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy and mechanism of essential oil from Citrus Changshan-huyou YB chang against Listeria monocytogenes10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.014 ↗
82. Fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of apple seed oil obtained from apple pomace10.1002/jsfa.6337 ↗
83. Abdullah, A.S., Mohammed, A.S., Abdullah, R., Mirghani, M.E., and Al-Qubaisi, M. (2014). Cytotoxic effects of Mangifera indica L. kernel extract on human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines) and bioactive constituents in the crude extract. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 14.10.1186/1472-6882-14-199 ↗
84. Supercritical CO2 extraction of waste citrus seeds: Chemical composition, nutritional and biological properties of edible fixed oils10.1002/ejlt.201800502 ↗
85. Phytochemicals in Lowbush Wild Blueberry Inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 by Damaging Its Cell Membrane10.1089/fpd.2013.1504 ↗
86. Antibacterial effect and mechanism of anthocyanin rich Chinese wild blueberry extract on various foodborne pathogens10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.012 ↗
87. Dietary effect of pomegranate seed oil on immune function and lipid metabolism in mice10.1016/j.nut.2005.03.009 ↗
88. Characterization in vitro potency of biological active fractions of seeds, skins and flesh from selected Vitis vinifera L. cultivars and interspecific hybrids10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.029 ↗
89. Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) prevents indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in mice10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.057 ↗
90. Anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant sterols in hyperlipidemic individuals10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.09.020 ↗
91. Fat type in phytosterol products influence their cholesterol-lowering potential: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs10.1016/j.plipres.2016.08.002 ↗
92. Sharma, R., Matsuzaka, T., Kaushik, M.K., Sugasawa, T., Ohno, H., Wang, Y., Motomura, K., Shimura, T., Okajima, Y., and Mizunoe, Y. (2019). Octacosanol and policosanol prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders by activating brown adipose tissue and improving liver metabolism. Sci. Rep., 9.10.1038/s41598-019-41631-1 ↗
93. Improvement of Lipids and Reduction of Oxidative Stress with Octacosanol after Taekwondo Training10.1123/ijspp.2018-0704 ↗
94. Octacosanol Attenuates Inflammation in Both RAW264.7 Macrophages and a Mouse Model of Colitis10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05465 ↗
95. Extraction of phenolic compounds from dry and fermented orange pomace using supercritical CO2 and cosolvents10.1016/j.fbp.2016.10.002 ↗
96. Biological properties of citrus flavonoids pertaining to cancer and inflammation10.2174/0929867013373723 ↗
97. Citrus flavonoids: Molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: A review10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.054 ↗
98. Management of Citrus sinensis peels for protection and treatment against gastric ulcer induced by ethanol in rats10.1080/1354750X.2020.1759693 ↗
99. Cardioprotective activity of ethanolic extract of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck peel on doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats
100. Kim, G.N., Shin, M.R., Shin, S.H., Lee, A.R., Lee, J.Y., Seo, B.I., Kim, M.Y., Kim, T.H., Noh, J.S., and Rhee, M.H. (2016). Study of antiobesity effect through inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity of Diospyros kaki fruit and Citrus unshiu peel. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.10.1155/2016/1723042 ↗