Effects of Palm Kernel Shells (PKS) on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Fine Lateritic Soils Developed on Basalt in Bangangté (West Cameroon): Significance for Pavement Application
Source abstract
Abstract
The utilization of an agricultural waste product known as palm kernel shells (PKS) combined with fine laterites (from basalt in Bangangté, West Cameroon) to produce low-cost and innovative materials with good bearing capacities for road pavement was investigated. Fine laterites from two soil profiles (BL31 and BL32) and made up of kaolinite, hematite, goethite, gibbsite, anatase, ilmenite and magnetite minerals were partially replaced with PKS at 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% by weight. Physical and mechanical tests, including particle size distribution, Atterberg limits, unsoaked and soaked California Bearing Ratio (UCBR and SCBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and tensile strength (Rt), were performed on the different mixtures. After the addition of PKS, a decrease in fine particle content (77 to 38%), liquidity limit (LL: 72 to 61%), plasticity index (PI: 30 to 19%), maximum dry density (MDD: 1.685 to 1.29 t/m3), and optimum moisture content (OMC: 27.5 to 24.0%) was noticed. Additionally, there was an increase in UCBR (16–72%), SCBR (14–66%), UCS (1.07–7.67 MPa), and Rt (2.24–9.71 MPa). This allows new materials suitable for the construction of base layers for low trafficked roads (T1–T2), as well as sub-base and base layers for high trafficked roads (T3), to be obtained. This newly formed material can be recommended locally for road construction works, though more in-depth studies are required.
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Research context
OpenAlex topics: Geotechnical and construction materials studies · Clay minerals and soil interactions · Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
Department of Civil and Mining Engineering (SEBE), University of Namibia, José Eduardo dos Santos Campus, Ongwediva P.O. Box 3624, Namibia
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