Fixed-Bed Columns of Avocado (Persea americana Hass.) Seed and Peel Biomass as a Retainer for Contaminating Metals
Source abstract
Abstract
This study evaluated the adsorbent capacity of the Ecuadorian avocado (Persea americana Hass.) seed and peel wastes as an alternative method for cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) ion removal from aqueous solutions. The laboratory microscale process was performed using fixed-bed columns containing 1 g of 600 μm particles of biomaterial pretreated with ethanol and ethylene glycol. Subsequently, metal solutions of different concentrations were eluted and measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that fixed-bed columns allow efficient adsorption of Pb (2.6 mg/g) with ethanol pretreatment. Lower adsorption capacity was achieved for Cd, Hg, and Ni ions. Favorable adsorption with high retention capacity was found for Pb+2 for the ethanol pretreated bio-adsorbent at higher concentrations (120 mg/L). Lower removal percentages were found for Cd+2, Hg+2, and Ni+2; Ni showed the lowest adsorption capacities and negative RL values, suggesting inefficient adsorbent development. Regeneration of Cd, Hg, and Pb ions from avocado peel and seed showed the highest recovery when 1 mol/L HCl solution was used. Regarding the adsorption isotherms, the Langmuir model was the one that best fit our data, demonstrating that adsorption takes place in a uniform monolayer and that each contaminant ion occupies a single site.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Coal and Its By-products · Plant Growth and Agriculture Techniques · Heavy metals in environment
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170505, Ecuador
Centro de Estudios Aplicados en Química (CESAQ), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170505, Ecuador
Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito 170505, Ecuador
References (100+)
Show source-provided references
1. Balali-Mood, M., Naseri, K., Tahergorabi, Z., Khazdair, M.R., and Sadeghi, M. (2021). Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, and Arsenic. Front. Pharmacol., 12.10.3389/fphar.2021.643972 ↗
2. Evaluación del poder biosorbente de cáscara de naranja para la eliminación de metales pesados, Pb (II) y Zn (II)
3. Sources of Chemical Contaminants and Routes into the Freshwater Environment10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00136-2 ↗
4. Ojovan, M.I., and Lee, W.E. (2005). Chapter 4—Heavy Metals. An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation, Elsevier.10.1016/B978-008044462-8/50006-5 ↗
5. Non-Essential Metal Contamination in Ecuadorian Agricultural Production: A Critical Review10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104932 ↗
6. Toxicity, Mechanism and Health Effects of Some Heavy Metals10.2478/intox-2014-0009 ↗
7. Selvi, A., Rajasekar, A., Theerthagiri, J., Ananthaselvam, A., Sathishkumar, K., Madhavan, J., and Rahman, P.K.S.M. (2019). Integrated Remediation Processes Toward Heavy Metal Removal/Recovery From Various Environments—A Review. Front. Environ. Sci., 7.10.3389/fenvs.2019.00066 ↗
8. Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6 ↗
9. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Heavy Metals: Environmental Persistence, Toxicity, and Bioaccumulation10.1155/2019/6730305 ↗
10. Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment and Their Toxicological Effects on Humans10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04691 ↗
11. Tratamientos para la Remoción de Metales Pesados Comúnmente Presentes en Aguas Residuales Industriales. Una Revisión10.25054/22161325.710 ↗
12. Impact of Heavy Metals on the Environment and Human Health: Novel Therapeutic Insights to Counter the Toxicity10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865 ↗
13. Danovaro, R., Cocozza di Montanara, A., Corinaldesi, C., Dell’Anno, A., Illuminati, S., Willis, T.J., and Gambi, C. (2023). Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification of Heavy Metals in Marine Micro-Predators. Commun. Biol., 6.10.1038/s42003-023-05539-x ↗
14. Biomagnification of Metals in Terrestrial Ecosystems10.1016/S0048-9697(05)80053-1 ↗
15. The Concentration and Biomagnification of Trace Metals and Metalloids across Four Trophic Levels in a Marine Food Web10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112929 ↗
16. Lead and Cadmium Toxic Effects on Human Health: A Review
17. A Comprehensive Review on the Sources, Essentiality and Toxicological Profile of Nickel10.1039/D2RA00378C ↗
18. Nickel—From Toxic to Essential Nutrient
19. (2024, November 20). MAATE Libro VI Anexo I del Texto Unificado de Legislacion Secundaria de Medio Ambiente 2017. Available online: https://www.ambiente.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2018/05/TULSMA.pdf.
20. A Comparison of Technologies for Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.021 ↗
21. Remediation Strategies for Heavy Metals Contaminated Ecosystem: A Review
22. A Critical Review on Various Remediation Approaches for Heavy Metal Contaminants Removal from Contaminated Soils10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132369 ↗
23. Sharma, S., Tiwari, S., Hasan, A., Saxena, V., and Pandey, L.M. (2018). Recent Advances in Conventional and Contemporary Methods for Remediation of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soils. 3 Biotech, 8.10.1007/s13205-018-1237-8 ↗
24. Removal of Heavy Metals Using Reverse Osmosis10.31026/j.eng.2011.03.23 ↗
25. Reverse Osmosis Applied to Metal Finishing Wastewater10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00204-7 ↗
26. Novel Technologies for Reverse Osmosis Concentrate Treatment: A Review10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.10.027 ↗
27. Chemically Modified Cellulose Filter Paper for Heavy Metal Remediation in Water10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02768 ↗
28. Effective Remediation of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soil by Electrokinetic Technology Incorporating Reactive Filter Media10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148668 ↗
29. Porous Metal–Organic Framework-Based Filters: Synthesis Methods and Applications for Environmental Remediation10.1016/j.cej.2021.133160 ↗
30. Søgaard, E.G. (2014). Chapter 2—In Situ Chemical Oxidation: The Mechanisms and Applications of Chemical Oxidants for Remediation Purposes. Chemistry of Advanced Environmental Purification Processes of Water, Elsevier.
31. Koul, B., and Taak, P. (2018). Chemical Methods of Soil Remediation. Biotechnological Strategies for Effective Remediation of Polluted Soils, Springer.10.1007/978-981-13-2420-8 ↗
32. Recent Advances in Soil Remediation Technology for Heavy Metal Contaminated Sites: A Critical Review10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156417 ↗
33. Counter-Current Metal Leaching and Precipitation for Soil Remediation10.1080/15320383.2013.770445 ↗
34. Remediation of Metal Polluted Hotspot Areas through Enhanced Soil Washing—Evaluation of Leaching Methods10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.05.056 ↗
35. Nanotechnology: A Sustainable Solution for Heavy Metals Remediation
36. Biotechnological advances in bioremediation of heavy metals contaminated ecosystems: An overview with special reference to phytoremediation10.1007/s13762-013-0299-8 ↗
37. Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soil Using Modified Activated Carbon Fiber Combined with Electrodynamic Remediation Technology
38. A Sustainable Material for Removal of Heavy Metals from Water: Adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) Using Kinetic Mechanism10.5004/dwt.2021.27002 ↗
39. Engineered Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and Remediation: Costs, Benefits, and Applicability10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.105 ↗
40. Direct Treatment of Domestic Wastewater by Percolation over Peat, Bark and Woodchips10.1016/0043-1354(94)90115-5 ↗
41. Löser, C., Seidel, H., Hoffmann, P., and Zehnsdorf, A. (1999). Remediation of Heavy-Metal-Polluted River Sediments by Bioleaching Using the Percolation Principle, Technologisch Instituut vzw. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian-Loeser-2/publication/263366180_Remediation_of_heavy-metal-polluted_river_sediments_by_bioleaching_using_the_percolation_principle/links/00b4953b669289f0ca000000/Remediation-of-heavy-metal-polluted-river-sediments-by-bioleaching-using-the-percolation-principle.pdf.
42. Modeling of Pb(II) Adsorption by a Fixed-Bed Column10.1080/10889868.2016.1212808 ↗
43. A Review of Avocado Waste-Derived Adsorbents: Characterizations, Adsorption Characteristics, and Surface Mechanism10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134036 ↗
44. A Review of Potentially Low-Cost Sorbents for Heavy Metals10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00475-8 ↗
45. Driss Alami, S.B. (2010). Aprovechamiento de Hueso de Aceituna Biosorción de Iones Metálicos. [Doctoral Thesis, Universidad de Granada].
46. Abdelhamid, A.A., Badr, M.H., Mohamed, R.A., and Saleh, H.M. (2023). Using Agricultural Mixed Waste as a Sustainable Technique for Removing Stable Isotopes and Radioisotopes from the Aquatic Environment. Sustainability, 15.10.3390/su15021600 ↗
47. Biosorption, an Efficient Method for Removing Heavy Metals from Industrial Effluents: A Review10.1016/j.eti.2019.100503 ↗
48. A Critical Review of Biosorption of Dyes, Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Wastewater as an Efficient and Green Process10.1016/j.clet.2021.100209 ↗
49. Qadri, H., Bhat, R.A., Mehmood, M.A., and Dar, G.H. (2020). Biosorption as Environmentally Friendly Technique for Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater. Fresh Water Pollution Dynamics and Remediation, Springer.10.1007/978-981-13-8277-2 ↗
50. Torres, E. (2020). Biosorption: A Review of the Latest Advances. Processes, 8.10.3390/pr8121584 ↗
51. Advances in Biosorbents for Removal of Environmental Pollutants: A Review on Pretreatment, Removal Mechanism and Future Outlook10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126596 ↗
52. Bioremoval of Heavy Metals by Bacterial Biomass10.1007/s10661-014-4173-z ↗
53. Mechanism of Metal Ion Biosorption by Fungal Biomass
54. Lucaci, A.-R., and Bulgariu, L. (2024). Biosorption of Technologically Valuable Metal Ions on Algae Wastes: Laboratory Studies and Applicability. Water, 16.10.3390/w16040512 ↗
55. Removal of Heavy Metals from Metal-Containing Effluent by Yeast Biomass
56. Role of Bioadsorbents in Reducing Toxic Metals10.1155/2016/4369604 ↗
57. The Adsorption of Copper(II) Ions on to Dehydrated Wheat Bran (DWB): Determination of the Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Parameters10.1016/j.procbio.2003.11.008 ↗
58. The Adsorption of Cd(II) Ions on Sulphuric Acid-Treated Wheat Bran10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.009 ↗
59. Sorption of Cadmium from Aqueous Solution Using Pretreated Rice Husk10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.027 ↗
60. Rice Husk as a Potentially Low-Cost Biosorbent for Heavy Metal and Dye Removal: An Overview10.1016/j.desal.2004.10.014 ↗
61. Process Analysis of Mercury Adsorption onto Chemically Modified Rice Straw in a Fixed-Bed Adsorber10.1016/j.jece.2016.02.033 ↗
62. Lehr, J.H., and Keeley, J. (2005). Biosorption of Toxic Metals. Water Encyclopedia, Wiley-Interscience.10.1002/047147844X ↗
63. Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Water Using Banana and Orange Peels10.2166/wst.2003.0049 ↗
64. Adsorption Kinetics for the Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aqueous Solutions on the Activated Carbons Prepared from Agricultural Wastes10.4314/wsa.v30i4.5106 ↗
65. Adsorptive Separation of Heavy Metals from an Aquatic Environment Using Orange Waste10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.06.007 ↗
66. Adsorption of Cadmium(II) from Aqueous Solution on Natural and Oxidized Corncob10.1016/j.seppur.2005.02.005 ↗
67. Enhanced Metal Adsorption by Soybean Hulls Modified with Citric Acid10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00185-0 ↗
68. Characterization of Chemically Modified Corncobs and Its Application in the Removal of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.119 ↗
69. Removal of Chromium from Industrial Waste by Using Eucalyptus Bark10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.010 ↗
70. Cadmium and Lead Removal from Aqueous Solution by Grape Stalk Wastes: Modeling of a Fixed-Bed Column10.1021/je100200w ↗
71. Treatment Influence on Green Coconut Shells for Removal of Metal Ions: Pilot-Scale Fixed-Bed Column10.1080/09593330.2014.880747 ↗
72. Avocado Seed Powder: Characterization and Its Application for Crystal Violet Dye Removal from Aqueous Solutions10.1080/19443994.2015.1074621 ↗
73. Chromium and Lead Adsorption by Avocado Seed Biomass Study through the Use of Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108809 ↗
74. Sorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Acid-Treated Avocado Kernel Seeds and Its FTIR Spectroscopy Characterization10.1016/j.molliq.2016.01.022 ↗
75. Sulfate Radical Anion Activated Agro-Industrial Residues for Cr(VI) Adsorption: Is This Activation Process Technically and Economically Feasible?10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.125793 ↗
76. Application of Chemically Modified Avocado Seed for Removal of Copper (II), Lead(II), and Cadmium(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions
77. Biosorption of Lead and Cadmium from Aqueous Solution in Single and Binary Systems Using Avocado Pear Exocarp: Effects of Competing Ions10.1080/00032719.2020.1760294 ↗
78. Carter, M.R., and Gregorich, E.G. (2008). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].10.1201/9781420005271 ↗
79. Cabrera Andrade, L.F. (2017). Bioadsorción de Iones de Plomo y Cromo Procedentes de Aguas Residuales Utilizando la Cáscara del Tomate de Árbol (Solanum betaceum). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana].
80. Estudio de biosorción de Cu2+ en el criogel quitosano-celulosa
81. APHA-AWWA-WEF (2023). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation. [24th ed.].
82. Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Adsorption Isotherm Models: A Review10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122383 ↗
83. Isotherm Models for Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Water—A Review10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135545 ↗
84. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherms Studies of Equilibrium Sorption of Zn 2+ Unto Phosphoric Acid Modified Rice Husk10.9790/5736-0313845 ↗
85. Estudio isotérmico de biosorción de plomo en aguas utilizando residuos vegetales10.17163/lgr.n8.2008.01 ↗
86. Isotermas de Langmuir e de Freundlich Na Descrição Da Adsorção de Zinco Em Solos Do Estado Da Paraíba
87. Lim, W.-R., Kim, S.W., Lee, C.-H., Choi, E.-K., Oh, M.H., Seo, S.N., Park, H.-J., and Hamm, S.-Y. (2019). Performance of Composite Mineral Adsorbents for Removing Cu, Cd, and Pb Ions from Polluted Water. Sci. Rep., 9.10.1038/s41598-019-49857-9 ↗
88. Carro de Diego, L.M. (2012). Eliminación de Mercurio de Efluentes Acuosos con Materiales de Bajo Coste: Proceso Combinado de Bioadsorción-Reducción. [Doctoral Thesis, Universidade da Coruña].
89. Review on Solvent Desorption Study from Exhausted Adsorbent10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101302 ↗
90. Synthesis and Characterization of Cost-Effective and High-Efficiency Biochar for the Adsorption of Pb2+ from Wastewater
91. Removal of Cadmium, Copper and Lead from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbon Prepared from Avocado Kernel10.13005/ojc/380107 ↗
92. Effective Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Water by Sustainable Nano-Scaled Waste Avocado Seeds: Adsorption Isotherm, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Error Function10.1007/s13399-022-03619-2 ↗
93. Aymacaña Albán, A.E. (2018). Caracterización Bromatológica de La Cáscara de Aguacate (Persea americana) y Posterior Extracción e Identificación de La Fracción Con Mayor Actividad Antimicrobiana y Antioxidante. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Central del Ecuador].
94. Salmerón Ruiz, M.L. (2014). Fracción Indigestible, Bioaccesibilidad in Vitro y Actividad Antioxidante, de Compuestos Fenólicos de La Cáscara de Aguacate Cv. “Hass”. [Master’s Thesis, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo].
95. Potencial Uso de La Cáscara y Semilla de Aguacate Como Fuente de Compuestos Bioactivos Con Actividades Funcionales Para Un Desarrollo Sustentable10.29057/icap.v9i18.9058 ↗
96. Caracterización química, fisicoquímica y nutracéutica de la semilla del aguacate (Persea americana Mill) para el uso en la industria
97. Zamora Velazco, G.N. (2010). Obtención de Carbón Activado a Partir de Semillas de dos Palmeras de la Amazonía Peruana “Shapaja” (Attalea phalerata) y “Aguaje” (Mauritia flexuosa). [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina].
98. Ordóñez Ochoa, A.E. (2017). Determinación de la Capacidad Adsorbente de los Residuos de la Industria de la papa (Solanum tuberosum) para Remoción de Metales Pesados en Aguas Contaminadas. [Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Politécnica Saleciana].
99. Adsorption of Heavy Metals by a Porous Bioadsorbent from Lignocellulosic Biomass Reconstructed in an Ionic Liquid10.1021/jf301182x ↗
100. Fruit Peels as Efficient Renewable Adsorbents for Removal of Dissolved Heavy Metals and Dyes from Water10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00207 ↗