The role of microcrystalline structure on optical scattering characteristics of semi-crystalline thermoplastics and the accuracy of numerical input for IR-heating modeling
Source abstract
Abstract
Infrared (IR) heating is widely used for thermoforming of thermoplastic polymers. The key benefit of radiation heating is that a significant amount of the radiative energy penetrates into the polymers thanks to their semi-transparency. For the case of heating unfilled semi-crystalline polymers, the relation between their microcrystalline structure and optical properties is the key to develop a predictive IR-heating model as microcrystalline structure introduces an optically heterogeneous medium. In this study, a relation between the microcrystalline structure of a polyethylene (PE) and its effect on the thermo-optical properties was experimentally analyzed considering a two-step analysis. At very first step, the relation was analyzed considering samples with identical thicknesses and different morphologies, characterized here in terms of degree of crystallinity (Xc (%)). Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and integrating sphere, optical characteristics of the PE samples were analyzed in near-infrared (NIR) and middle-infrared (MIR) spectral ranges. The analyses showed that a slight variation in Xc (%) has a great effect on the optical characteristics of PE, particularly the transmission characteristics in NIR range. The wavelength-dependent effect of Xc (%) on the transmission behaviors opened a discussion about the fact that the microcrystalline structures -in particular spherulites or their substructures such as lamellae- are responsible for optical scattering. Using the optical properties obtained from the two-step experimental analyses, two different thermo-optical properties were calculated, namely extinction and absorption coefficients, and used as a numerical input for the parametric numerical studies. The numerical studies were performed using an in-house developed radiation heat transfer algorithm -RAYHEAT-. Both the experimental and numerical analyses demonstrated the importance of the optical scattering regarding the identification of thermo-optical properties, used as a numerical input for radiation heat transfer models.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Radiative Heat Transfer Studies · Calibration and Measurement Techniques · Urban Heat Island Mitigation
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
References (41)
Show source-provided references
1. Burkhardt G, Hüsgen U, Kalwa M, Pötsch G, Schwenzer C (2011) Plastics processing, 1. Processing of thermoplastics. In: Elvers B (ed) Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Germany, pp 367–404
2. Becker F, Potente H (2002) A step towards understanding the heating phase of laser transmission welding in polymers. Polym Eng Sci 42:365–37410.1002/pen.10954 ↗
3. Schmidt F (2003) Modelling of infrared heating of thermoplastic sheet used in thermoforming process. J Mater Process Technol 143-144:225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00291-710.1016/S0924-0136(03)00291-7 ↗
4. Monteix S, Schmidt F, Le Maoult Y et al (2001) Experimental study and numerical simulation of preform or sheet exposed to infrared radiative heating. J Mater Process Technol 119:90–9710.1016/S0924-0136(01)00882-2 ↗
5. Cosson B, Schmidt F, Le Maoult Y, Bordival M (2011) Infrared heating stage simulation of semi-transparent media (PET) using ray tracing method. Int J Mater Form 4:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0985-810.1007/s12289-010-0985-8 ↗
6. Geiger M, Frick T, Schmidt M (2009) Optical properties of plastics and their role for the modelling of the laser transmission welding process. Prod Eng 3:49–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-008-0141-110.1007/s11740-008-0141-1 ↗
7. Mayboudi LS (2008) Heat Transfer Modelling and Thermal Imaging Experiments in Laser Transmission Welding of Thermoplastics. Ph.D. thesis, Queen’s University
8. Asséko ACA, Cosson B, Schmidt F et al (2015) Laser transmission welding of composites-part a: Thermo-physical and optical characterization of materials. Infrared Phys Technol 72:293–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2015.02.00410.1016/j.infrared.2015.02.004 ↗
9. Chen M, Zak G, Bates PJ (2011) Effect of carbon black on light transmission in laser welding of thermoplastics. J Mater Process Technol 211:43–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.08.01710.1016/j.jmatprotec.2010.08.017 ↗
10. Klein R (2011) Chapter 1- material properties of plastics. In: Laser welding of plastics: materials. Processes and Industrial Applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, pp 3–6910.1002/9783527636969.ch1 ↗
11. Ilie M, Kneip J-C, Matteï S et al (2007) Laser beam scattering effects in non-absorbent inhomogenous polymers. Opt Lasers Eng 45:405–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2006.07.00410.1016/j.optlaseng.2006.07.004 ↗
12. Hakoume D, Dombrovsky LA, Delaunay D, Rousseau B (2014) Spectroscopic diagnostics of morphological changes arising in thermal processing of polypropylene. Appl Opt 53:2702. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.53.00270210.1364/AO.53.002702 ↗
13. Hohmann M, Devrient M, Klämpfl F et al (2014) Simulation of light propagation within glass fiber filled thermoplastics for laser transmission welding. Phys Procedia 56:1198–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.03510.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.035 ↗
14. Stokes-Griffin CM, Compston P (2015) Optical characterisation and modelling for oblique near-infrared laser heating of carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites. Opt Lasers Eng 72:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2015.03.01610.1016/j.optlaseng.2015.03.016 ↗
15. Lebaudy P, Saiter JM, Grenet J, Vautier C (1992) Temperature distribution in poly (ethylene terephthalate) plate undergoing heat treatment. Diffusion influence: 1. Theoretical approach. Polymer 33:1887–1892. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(92)90488-I10.1016/0032-3861(92)90488-I ↗
16. Denis A, Dargent E, Lebaudy PH et al (1996) Dependence on the spectral scattering coefficient on crystallinity into semicrystalline polyester. J Appl Polym Sci 62:1211–1218. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961121)62:8<1211::AID-APP11>3.0.CO;2-A10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19961121)62:8<1211::AID-APP11>3.0.CO;2-A ↗
17. Hakoume D, Dombrovsky LA, Delaunay D, Rousseau B (2014) Effect of Processing Temperature on Radiative Properties of Polypropylene and Heat Transfer in the Pure and Glassfibre Reinforced Polymer. https://doi.org/10.1615/IHTC15.rad.00820710.1615/IHTC15.rad.008207 ↗
18. Boztepe S, Thiam A, de Almeida O, Le Maoult Y, Schmidt F (2016) Experimental analysis on the coupled effect between thermo-optical properties and microstructure of semi-crystalline thermoplastics. p 020006. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.496341010.1063/1.4963410 ↗
19. Reiter G, Strobl GR (2007) Progress in understanding of polymer crystallization. Springer, Berlin; New York10.1007/3-540-47307-6 ↗
20. Zalewski EF (1995) Radiometry and photometry. Handb Opt 2:24–21
21. Apetz R, van Bruggen MPB (2003) Transparent alumina: a light-scattering model. J Am Ceram Soc 86:480–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03325.x10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03325.x ↗
22. Peelen JGJ, Metselaar R (1974) Light scattering by pores in polycrystalline materials: transmission properties of alumina. J Appl Phys 45:216–220. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.166296110.1063/1.1662961 ↗
23. Howell JR, Menguc MP, Siegel R (2010) Thermal radiation heat transfer, 5th edition, 5 edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton10.1201/9781439894552 ↗
24. Kessel J (1986) Transmittance measurements in the integrating sphere. Appl Opt 25:2752. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.25.00275210.1364/AO.25.002752 ↗
25. Manara J, Arduini-Schuster M, Hanssen L (2009) Integrating sphere reflectance and transmittance intercomparison measurements for evaluating the accuracies of the achieved results. High Temp–High Press 38:259–276
26. The role of microcrystalline structure on the temperature-dependent thermo-optical properties of semi-crystalline thermoplastics and non-invasive temperature measurements (2017), 25ème Congrès Français de Thermique, Marseille - France
27. Genna S, Leone C, Tagliaferri V (2017) Characterization of laser beam transmission through a high density polyethylene (HDPE) plate. Opt Laser Technol 88:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2016.08.01010.1016/j.optlastec.2016.08.010 ↗
28. Viscarra Rossel RA, Walvoort DJJ, McBratney AB et al (2006) Visible, near infrared, mid infrared or combined diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for simultaneous assessment of various soil properties. Geoderma 131:59–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.03.00710.1016/j.geoderma.2005.03.007 ↗
29. Sasic S, Ozaki Y (2011) Raman, infrared, and near-infrared chemical imaging. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken10.1002/9780470768150 ↗
30. Wriedt T (2012) Mie theory: a review. In: Hergert W, Wriedt T (eds) Mie theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 53–7110.1007/978-3-642-28738-1_2 ↗
31. Heck B, Kawai T, Strobl G (2006) Time dependent light attenuation measurements used in studies of the kinetics of polymer crystallization. Polymer 47:5538–5543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.09810.1016/j.polymer.2005.11.098 ↗
32. Modest MF (2003) Radiative Heat Transfer, Second Edition, 2 edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam; Boston10.1016/B978-012503163-9/50000-X ↗
33. Boglea AL, Roesner A, Russek UA (2011) Laser beam welding of thermoplastics. In: Poprawe R (ed) Tailored light 2. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 284–307
34. Coelho JMP, Abreu MA, Carvalho Rodrigues F (2004) Methodologies for determining thermoplastic films optical parameters at 10.6 μm laser wavelength. Polym Test 23:307–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2003.07.00110.1016/j.polymertesting.2003.07.001 ↗
35. Bendada A, Cole K, Lamontagne M, Simard Y (2003) A hollow waveguide infrared thermometer for polymer temperature measurement during injection moulding. J opt. Pure Appl Opt 5:46410.1088/1464-4258/5/5/306 ↗
36. Gulmine J, Janissek P, Heise H, Akcelrud L (2002) Polyethylene characterization by FTIR. Polym Test 21:557–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9418(01)00124-610.1016/S0142-9418(01)00124-6 ↗
37. DeWitt DP, Nutter GD (1988) Theory and practice of radiation thermometry. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken10.1002/9780470172575 ↗
38. Jensen K, Ripoll J, Wray A et al (2007) On various modeling approaches to radiative heat transfer in pool fires. Combust Flame 148:263–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.09.00810.1016/j.combustflame.2006.09.008 ↗
39. Bordival M, Schmidt FM, Le Maoult Y et al (2010) A ray tracing method to simulate the infrared heating of semi-transparent thermoplastics. Int J Mater Form 3:809–812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0893-y10.1007/s12289-010-0893-y ↗
40. Biron M (2012) Thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites. William Andrew Publishing, Norwich10.1016/B978-1-4557-7898-0.00008-1 ↗
41. Faghri A, Zhang Y, Howell JR (2010) Advanced heat and mass transfer. Global Digital Press, Columbia, USA