journal article·2018-07-03Open access

Head Pose Detection for a Wearable Parrot-Inspired Robot Based on Deep Learning

Jaishankar Bharatharaj, Loulin Huang, Rajesh Elara Mohan, Thejus Pathmakumar, Chris Krägeloh, Ahmed Al-Jumaily

Applied Sciences· Volume 8· Issue 7

Abstract

Extensive research has been conducted in human head pose detection systems and several applications have been identified to deploy such systems. Deep learning based head pose detection is one such method which has been studied for several decades and reports high success rates during implementation. Across several pet robots designed and developed for various needs, there is a complete absence of wearable pet robots and head pose detection models in wearable pet robots. Designing a wearable pet robot capable of head pose detection can provide more opportunities for research and development of such systems. In this paper, we present a novel head pose detection system for a wearable parrot-inspired pet robot using images taken from the wearer’s shoulder. This is the first time head pose detection has been studied in wearable robots and using images from a side angle. In this study, we used AlexNet convolutional neural network architecture trained on the images from the database for the head pose detection system. The system was tested with 250 images and resulted in an accuracy of 94.4% across five head poses, namely left, left intermediate, straight, right, and right intermediate.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Face recognition and analysis · Human-Animal Interaction Studies · Social Robot Interaction and HRI

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

Engineering Product Development Pillar, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore

School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

Funding

Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand

References (40)

Show source-provided references
1. A non-contact mouse for surgeon-computer interaction10.3233/THC-2004-12304 ↗
2. Kuno, Y., Murashina, T., Shimada, N., and Shirai, Y. (2000, January 3–7). Intelligent wheelchair remotely controlled by interactive gestures. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR-2000), Barcelona, Spain.
3. Droeschel, D., Stückler, J., Holz, D., and Behnke, S. (2011, January 9–13). Towards joint attention for a domestic service robot-person awareness and gesture recognition using time-of-flight cameras. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Shanghai, China.10.1109/ICRA.2011.5980067 ↗
4. Yin, X., and Xie, M. (August, January 29). Hand gesture segmentation, recognition and application. Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation (Cat. No.01EX515), Banff, AB, Canada.
5. Lee, S.W. (2006, January 10–12). Automatic gesture recognition for intelligent human-robot interaction. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (FGR06), Southampton, UK.
6. Hasanuzzaman, M., Ampornaramveth, V., Zhang, T., Bhuiyan, M.A., Shirai, Y., and Ueno, H. (2004, January 22–26). Real-time vision-based gesture recognition for human robot interaction. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, Shenyang, China.
7. Adaptive visual gesture recognition for human–robot interaction using a knowledge-based software platform10.1016/j.robot.2007.03.002 ↗
8. Breazeal, C., Takanishi, A., and Kobayashi, T. (2008). Social robots that interact with people. Springer Handbook of Robotics, Springer.10.1007/978-3-540-30301-5_59 ↗
9. Uddin, M.T., and Uddiny, M.A. (2015, January 21–23). Human activity recognition from wearable sensors using extremely randomized trees. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information Communication Technology (ICEEICT), Dhaka, Bangladesh.10.1109/ICEEICT.2015.7307384 ↗
10. Asri, H., Mousannif, H., Al Moatassime, H., and Noel, T. (2015, January 2–4). Big data in healthcare: Challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Technologies and Applications (CloudTech), Marrakech, Morocco.10.1109/CloudTech.2015.7337020 ↗
11. Jalal, A., Kamal, S., and Kim, D.S. (2018). Detecting Complex 3D Human Motions with Body Model Low-Rank Representation for Real-Time Smart Activity Monitoring System. KSII Trans. Int. Inf. Syst., 12.10.3837/tiis.2018.03.012 ↗
12. Wearable sensor-based human activity recognition from environmental background sounds10.1007/s12652-012-0122-2 ↗
13. Jalal, A., Kamal, S., and Kim, D. (2017). A Depth Video-based Human Detection and Activity Recognition using Multi-features and Embedded Hidden Markov Models for Health Care Monitoring Systems. Int. J. Int. Multimed. Artif. Intell., 4.10.9781/ijimai.2017.447 ↗
14. User verification leveraging gait recognition for smartphone enabled mobile healthcare systems10.1109/TMC.2014.2365185 ↗
15. Human activity recognition via recognized body parts of human depth silhouettes for residents monitoring services at smart home10.1177/1420326X12469714 ↗
16. Shier, W.A., and Yanushkevich, S.N. (2015, January 7–9). Biometrics in human-machine interaction. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies, Zilina, Slovakia.10.1109/DT.2015.7222989 ↗
17. Recognizing visual focus of attention from head pose in natural meetings10.1109/TSMCB.2008.927274 ↗
18. Head pose estimation and augmented reality tracking: An integrated system and evaluation for monitoring driver awareness10.1109/TITS.2010.2044241 ↗
19. Robot head pose detection and gaze direction determination using local invariant features10.1163/156855308X397497 ↗
20. Mudjirahardjo, P., Tan, J.K., Kim, H., and Ishikawa, S. (2015, January 29–30). Comparison of feature extraction methods for head recognition. Proceedings of the International Electronics Symposium (IES), Surabaya, Indonesia.10.1109/ELECSYM.2015.7380826 ↗
21. Farooq, A., Jalal, A., and Kamal, S. (2015). Dense RGB-D Map-Based Human Tracking and Activity Recognition using Skin Joints Features and Self-Organizing Map. KSII Trans. Int. Inf. Syst., 9.10.3837/tiis.2015.05.017 ↗
22. Almudhahka, N.Y., Nixon, M.S., and Hare, J.S. (June, January 30). Automatic semantic face recognition. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2017), Washington, DC, USA.10.1109/FG.2017.31 ↗
23. Yoshimoto, H., Date, N., and Yonemoto, S. (2003, January 1). Vision-based real-time motion capture system using multiple cameras. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multisensor Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems (MFI2003), Tokyo, Japan.
24. Koller, D., Klinker, G., Rose, E., Breen, D., Whitaker, R., and Tuceryan, M. (1997, January 15–17). Real-time vision-based camera tracking for augmented reality applications. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.10.1145/261135.261152 ↗
25. Cheng, W.C. (2016, January 9–11). Pedestrian detection using an RGB-depth camera. Proceedings of the International Conference on Fuzzy Theory and Its Applications (iFuzzy), Taichung, Taiwan.10.1109/iFUZZY.2016.8004931 ↗
26. Depth images-based human detection, tracking and activity recognition using spatiotemporal features and modified HMM10.5370/JEET.2016.11.6.1857 ↗
27. Yamazoe, H., Habe, H., Mitsugami, I., and Yagi, Y. (2012, January 11–15). Easy depth sensor calibration. Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR2012), Tsukuba, Japan.
28. Jalal, A., Lee, S., Kim, J.T., and Kim, T.S. (2012, January 12–15). Human activity recognition via the features of labeled depth body parts. Proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics, Artiminio, Italy.10.1007/978-3-642-30779-9_36 ↗
29. Jalal, A., Kim, J.T., and Kim, T.S. (2012, January 19). Development of a life logging system via depth imaging-based human activity recognition for smart homes. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainable Healthy Buildings, Seoul, Korea.
30. Ye, M., Yang, C., Stankovic, V., Stankovic, L., and Kerr, A. (2015, January 14–16). Gait analysis using a single depth camera. Proceedings of the IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), Orlando, FL, USA.10.1109/GlobalSIP.2015.7418202 ↗
31. Khalid, S., Khalil, T., and Nasreen, S. (2014, January 27–29). A survey of feature selection and feature extraction techniques in machine learning. Proceedings of the Science and Information Conference (SAI), London, UK.10.1109/SAI.2014.6918213 ↗
32. Jalal, A., Kim, Y., and Kim, D. (2014, January 11–13). Ridge body parts features for human pose estimation and recognition from RGB-D video data. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Computing, Communications and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Hefei, China.10.1109/ICCCNT.2014.6963015 ↗
33. Classification and feature extraction by simplexization10.1109/TIFS.2007.916280 ↗
34. Sociopsychological and physiological effects of a robot-assisted therapy for children with autism10.1177/1729881417736895 ↗
35. Bharatharaj, J., Huang, L., Al-Jumaily, A.M., Krageloh, C., and Elara, M.R. (2016, January 18–20). Effects of Adapted Model-Rival Method and parrot-inspired robot in improving learning and social interaction among children with autism. Proceedings of the International Conference on Robotics and Automation for Humanitarian Applications (RAHA), Kollam, India.10.1109/RAHA.2016.7931905 ↗
36. Bharatharaj, J., Huang, L., Mohan, R.E., Al-Jumaily, A., and Krägeloh, C. (2017). Robot-assisted therapy for learning and social interaction of children with autism spectrum disorder. Robotics, 6.10.3390/robotics6010004 ↗
37. Rossignol, E.A., and Kominsky, M.A. (1994). Wearable Pet Enclosure. (5,277,148), U.S. Patent.
38. Skloot, R. (New York Times, 2008). Creature comforts, New York Times.
39. Stiefelhagen, R. (2004, January 22). Estimating head pose with neural networks-results on the pointing04 icpr workshop evaluation data. Proceedings of the Pointing 2004 Workshop: Visual Observation of Deictic Gestures, Cambridge, UK.
40. Voit, M., Nickel, K., and Stiefelhagen, R. (2006, January 6–7). Neural network-based head pose estimation and multi-view fusion. Proceedings of the International Evaluation Workshop on Classification of Events, Activities and Relationships, Southampton, UK.