Two-Photon Imaging to Unravel the Pathomechanisms Associated with Epileptic Seizures: A Review
Source abstract
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the exact pathomechanisms associated with epileptic seizure formation and propagation have not been elucidated completely. Two-photon imaging (2PI) is a fluorescence-based microscopy technique that, over the years, has been used to evaluate pathomechanisms associated with epileptic seizures and epilepsy. Here, we review previous applications of 2PI in epilepsy. A systematic search was performed in multiple literature databases. We identified 38 publications that applied 2PI in epilepsy research. These studies described models of epileptic seizure propagation; anatomical changes and functional alterations of microglia, astrocytes, and neurites; and neurometabolic effects that accompany seizures. Moreover, various neurovascular alterations that accompany seizure onset and ictal events, such as blood vessel responses, have been visualized using 2PI. Lastly, imaging and quantitative analysis of oxidative stress and the aggregation of lipofuscin in the neurovasculature have been accomplished with 2PI. Cumulatively, these papers and their reported findings demonstrate that 2PI is an especially well-suited imaging technique in the domain of epilepsy research, and these studies have significantly improved our understanding of the disorder. The application of 2PI provides ample possibilities for future research, most interestingly on human brains, while also stretching beyond the field of epilepsy.
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Research context
OpenAlex topics: Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research · Epilepsy research and treatment · Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
Academic Center for Epileptology (ACE), Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany
Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Department of Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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