Risk Assessment of Human Errors in Interaction Design Using Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis
Source abstract
Abstract
User experience constitutes an essential element of effective interaction design. To enhance the user experience, it is necessary to identify the primary root causes related to human errors and then initiate actionable interventions for the high-priority root causes. Risk assessment of human errors in interaction design is characterized by subjective uncertainties and a lack of precise numerical values. However, very little attention has been given to these issues when assessing human errors. In this paper, a fuzzy fault tree analysis approach is proposed to execute risk assessment of human errors in interaction design. First, the system is analyzed, and a fault tree diagram is constructed. Subsequently, probabilities for each basic event are derived through the combination of fuzzy set theory and the similarity aggregation method. Then, the minimal cut sets (MCSs) are identified. Following this, the failure probability of the top event is determined, and the MCSs are ranked in accordance with their respective importance values. Finally, the results are evaluated, and the recommendations for corrective actions are provided for the high-priority MCSs. A practical case study of the in-vehicle information system in heavy trucks was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The findings suggest that this approach can effectively address the subjective and even subconscious aspects of risk assessment related to human errors in interaction design, providing accurate results for risk evaluation. Furthermore, it can effectively address the situations where the probabilities related to human errors are imprecise, inadequate, and ambiguous. The proposed approach can be universally applied to enhance the user experience in interaction design.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Safety Warnings and Signage · Human-Automation Interaction and Safety · Usability and User Interface Design
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
References (56)
Show source-provided references
1. Salvendy, G., and Karwowski, W. (2021). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [5th ed.].10.1002/9781119636113 ↗
2. Ritter, F.E., Baxter, G.D., and Churchill, E.F. (2014). Foundations for Designing User-Centered Systems: What System Designers Need to Know about People, Springer.10.1007/978-1-4471-5134-0 ↗
3. Failure analysis of CNC machines due to human errors: An integrated IT2F-MCDM-based FMEA approach10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105768 ↗
4. Selecting risk response strategies to minimize human errors in a design project for factories of the future10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120120 ↗
5. Norman, D.A. (2013). The Design of Everyday Things, Basic Books. [Revised and expanded ed.].
6. Garrett, J.J. (2011). The Elements of User Experience: User-Centered Design for the Web and Beyond, New Riders. [2nd ed.].
7. Albert, B., and Tullis, T. (2022). Measuring the User Experience: Collecting, Analyzing, and Presenting UX Metrics, Morgan Kaufmann. [3rd ed.].
8. Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering, Morgan Kaufmann.10.1016/B978-0-08-052029-2.50009-7 ↗
9. Human error identification and risk prioritization in overhead crane operations using HTA, SHERPA and fuzzy VIKOR method10.1016/j.eswa.2015.05.033 ↗
10. Li, Y., and Zhu, L. (2025). Failure Modes Analysis Related to User Experience in Interactive System Design Through a Fuzzy Failure Mode and Effect Analysis-Based Hybrid Approach. Appl. Sci., 15.10.3390/app15062954 ↗
11. Explosive mixture formation in PEM electrolyzers: A safety review using fault tree analysis10.1016/j.rser.2024.115225 ↗
12. Safety risk assessment for connected and automated vehicles: Integrating FTA and CM-improved AHP10.1016/j.ress.2025.110822 ↗
13. Risk analysis of domino effect of leakage accident of petrochemical pipeline based on analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy fault tree analysis10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106852 ↗
14. Pang, M., Zhang, Z.Y., Zhou, Z.M., and Li, Q. (2025). Risk Diagnosis Analysis of Ethane Storage Tank Leakage Based on Fault Tree and Fuzzy Bayesian Network. Appl. Sci., 15.10.3390/app15041754 ↗
15. Fuzzy fault tree analysis for patient safety risk modeling in healthcare under uncertainty10.1016/j.asoc.2015.08.005 ↗
16. Assessment of human factor contribution to risk analysis of chemical cargo shortage incidents by using intuitionistic fuzzy integrated fault tree analysis10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117559 ↗
17. Fuzzy fault tree analysis for loss of ship steering ability10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.114419 ↗
18. Benyon, D. (2019). Designing User Experience: A Guide to HCI, UX and Interaction Design, Pearson. [4th ed.].
19. Rogers, Y., Sharp, H., and Preece, J. (2023). Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [6th ed.].
20. Being and doing: A perspective on User Experience and its measurement
21. Needs, affect, and interactive products—Facets of user experience10.1016/j.intcom.2010.04.002 ↗
22. Optimization of user experience in mobile application design by using a fuzzy analytic-network-process-based Taguchi method10.1016/j.asoc.2019.03.048 ↗
23. Schrepp, M. (2021). User Experience Questionnaires: How to Use Questionnaires to Measure the User Experience of Your Products?, Independently Published.
24. An α-cut interval based IF-importance measure for intuitionistic fuzzy fault tree analysis of subsea oil and gas production system10.1016/j.apor.2022.103229 ↗
25. Integration of systems design and risk management through model-based systems development10.1002/sys.21643 ↗
26. Reliability analysis of dynamic fault trees with Priority-AND gates using conditional binary decision diagrams10.1016/j.ress.2024.110495 ↗
27. Risk Assessment of Water Treatment Plants Using Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation10.1007/s40996-020-00498-3 ↗
28. Risk assessment of fatal accidents due to work at heights activities using fault tree analysis: Case study in Malaysia10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105724 ↗
29. Assessing the reliability of natural gas pipeline system in the presence of corrosion using fuzzy fault tree10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118943 ↗
30. Zaib, A., Yin, J., and Khan, R.U. (2022). Determining Role of Human Factors in Maritime Transportation Accidents by Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA). J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.10.3390/jmse10030381 ↗
31. Fuzzy sets10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X ↗
32. Fuzzy Human Reliability Analysis: Applications and Contributions Review
33. A psychometric user experience model based on fuzzy measure approaches10.1016/j.aei.2018.10.010 ↗
34. Kacprzyk, J., and Orlovski, S.A. (1987). Optimization Models Using Fuzzy Sets and Possibility Theory, D. Reidel Publishing Company.10.1007/978-94-009-3869-4 ↗
35. Safety barriers analysis of offshore drilling system by employing Fuzzy Event Tree Analysis10.1016/j.ssci.2015.04.004 ↗
36. Chen, S.-J., and Hwang, C.-L. (1992). Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications, Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-46768-4 ↗
37. Safety analysis of fire and explosion (F&E) accidents risk in bulk carrier ships under fuzzy fault tree approach10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105972 ↗
38. Application of Fuzzy Fault Tree Analysis (FFTA) to maritime industry: A risk analysing of ship mooring operation10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.03.029 ↗
39. Quantitative failure analysis for static electricity-related explosion and fire accidents on tanker vessels under fuzzy bow-tie CREAM approach10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105917 ↗
40. Aggregation of fuzzy opinions under group decision making10.1016/0165-0114(95)00185-9 ↗
41. Safety assessment of natural gas storage tank using similarity aggregation method based fuzzy fault tree analysis (SAM-FFTA) approach10.1016/j.jlp.2020.104159 ↗
42. Fuzzy fault tree analysis of EVAC system based on improved SAM- FFTA with butterfly optimization algorithm10.1016/j.engfailanal.2023.107658 ↗
43. Risk evaluation of oil and natural gas pipelines due to natural hazards using fuzzy fault tree analysis10.1016/j.jngse.2019.04.010 ↗
44. An approach to human reliability in man-machine systems using error possibility10.1016/0165-0114(88)90140-6 ↗
45. Fuzzy fault tree analysis of chlorine gas release hazard in Chlor-Alkali industry using alpha-cut interval-based similarity aggregation method10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109199 ↗
46. Rausand, M., and Haugen, S. (2020). Risk Assessment: Theory, Methods, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [2nd ed.].10.1002/9781119377351 ↗
47. Fuzzy fault tree analysis for coal burst occurrence probability in underground coal mining10.1016/j.tust.2018.09.029 ↗
48. Vesely, W.E., Goldberg, F.F., Roberts, N.H., and Haasl, D.F. (1981). Fault Tree Handbook, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
49. Unifying Functional User Interface Design Principles10.1080/10447318.2020.1805876 ↗
50. Yablonski, J. (2020). Laws of UX: Using Psychology to Design Better Products & Services, O’Reilly Media, Inc.
51. Lew, G., and Schumacher, R.M. (2020). AI and UX: Why Artificial Intelligence Needs User Experience, Apress.10.1007/978-1-4842-5775-3 ↗
52. The effect of touch-key size on the usability of In-Vehicle Information Systems and driving safety during simulated driving10.1016/j.apergo.2013.05.006 ↗
53. Smart In-Vehicle Technologies and Older Drivers: A Scoping Review10.1177/1539449219830376 ↗
54. Stephanidis, C., and Salvendy, G. (2025). User Experience Methods and Tools in Human-Computer Interaction, CRC Press.10.1201/9781003495161 ↗
55. An integrated approach of intuitionistic fuzzy fault tree and Bayesian network analysis applicable to risk analysis of ship mooring operations10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113411 ↗
56. Risk assessment of inter-basin water transfer plans through integration of Fault Tree Analysis and Bayesian Network modelling approaches10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120703 ↗