Knowledge-Driven Human-in-the-Loop Decision Support for Student Services Using Active Learning and Large Language Models
Source abstract
Abstract
This study presents an AI-based, human-in-the-loop decision support system designed for large-scale institutional query routing and response generation. The proposed system combines semantic text classification with large language model-based response generation to assist administrative staff in handling high-volume natural language requests from various system users, while preserving human oversight. Using a dataset of 135,359 real student and staff interactions collected over 15 years, the system was designed, deployed, and evaluated in a live university information portal. The classification component achieved 95.88% accuracy in evaluation and 82.21% staff acceptance in practice, while 94.81% of AI-generated draft responses were adopted with minor edits. Operational evaluation showed a 30.8% reduction in resolution time, a 32.6% decrease in misrouting, and an increase in user satisfaction from 3.6 to 4.9 out of 5. The system is implemented as a modular RESTful API to ensure interoperability with existing Student Information Systems, with analysis code available upon request to support replication in similar resource-constrained environments. The results illustrate how human-in-the-loop AI systems can support improvements in service quality, efficiency, and institutional capacity in resource-constrained environments, providing a transferable applied AI framework for scalable decision support in complex administrative domains.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Online Learning and Analytics · Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning · AI in Service Interactions
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Management Information Systems Department, School of Applied Sciences, Cyprus International University, 99258 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Türkiye
Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cyprus International University, 99258 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Türkiye
References (43)
Show source-provided references
1. Artificial intelligence in educational leadership: A comprehensive taxonomy and future directions10.1186/s41239-025-00517-1 ↗
2. The roles of AI and educational leaders in AI-assisted administrative decision-making: A proposed framework for symbiotic collaboration10.1007/s13384-024-00771-8 ↗
3. Santos-Jaén, J.M. (2025). University students’ perceptions of the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching, administrative processes, and learning personalization. Educ. Inf. Technol., Advance online publication.10.1007/s10639-025-13712-4 ↗
4. Ali, I., Su, Y., Alhur, A.A., and Naeem, S.B. (2025). Factors influencing AI literacy in the age of generative AI chatbots for health information seeking. Inf. Dev., Advance online publication.
5. Tlili, A., Burgos, D., Huang, R., Yang, J., and Chang, T.W. (2024). Investigating the effect of AI in education: A meta-analysis and research synthesis. Inf. Dev., Advance online publication.
6. Nazyrova, A., Miłosz, M., Bekmanova, G., Omarbekova, A., Aimicheva, G., and Kadyr, Y. (2025). The digital transformation of higher education in the context of an AI-driven future. Sustainability, 17.10.3390/su17229927 ↗
7. Buyannemekh, B. (2024). Understanding value of digital service delivery by public institutions: A public-value perspective. Gov. Inf. Q., Advance online publication.
8. ICTs influence on knowledge sharing in higher education: A systematic review10.1111/ejed.12803 ↗
9. Decision-making criteria for AI tools in digital education
10. Survey on evaluation methods for dialogue systems10.1007/s10462-020-09866-x ↗
11. Yao, K., Zweig, G., Hwang, M.Y., Shi, Y., and Yu, D. (2013, January 25–29). Recurrent neural networks for language understanding. In Proceedings of Interspeech 2013, Lyon, France.10.21437/Interspeech.2013-569 ↗
12. Hardalov, M., Koychev, I., and Nakov, P. (2018). Towards automated customer support. Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP), Varna, Bulgaria, 12–14 September 2018, INCOMA Ltd.10.1007/978-3-319-99344-7_5 ↗
13. How chatbots revolutionize digital customer service: Evidence from field deployments10.1080/07421222.2024.2415773 ↗
14. Moore, R., Khan, M., and Thomas, J. (2021). Weakly supervised contrastive learning for real-world customer service bots. Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, 7–11 November 2021, ACL.
15. Chen, M., Zhang, B., Cai, Z., Seery, S., Gonzalez, M.J., Ali, N.M., Ren, R., Qiao, Y., Xue, P., and Jiang, Y. (2022). Acceptance of clinical artificial intelligence among physicians and medical students: A systematic review with cross-sectional survey. Front. Med., 9.10.3389/fmed.2022.990604 ↗
16. Power to the people: The role of humans in interactive machine learning
17. From data to decisions: Leveraging AI for proactive education strategies10.34190/icair.4.1.3082 ↗
18. Introduction to the special issue on AI, decision-making, and the impact on humans10.1080/10447318.2023.2175520 ↗
19. Artificial intelligence: Threat or asset to academic integrity? A bibliometric analysis10.1108/K-09-2023-1666 ↗
20. Text classification using embeddings: A survey10.1007/s10115-023-01856-z ↗
21. AI-assisted assessment in higher education: A systematic review
22. Fu, Y. (2024). Examining AI use in educational contexts: A scoping meta-analysis. Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., Advance online publication.10.1007/s40593-024-00442-w ↗
23. Continual text classification based on knowledge distillation and class-aware experience replay10.1007/s10115-023-01889-4 ↗
24. Odekerken, D., Bex, F., and Prakken, H. (2023). Justification, stability and relevance for case-based reasoning with incomplete focus cases. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICAIL 2023), Braga, Portugal, 19–23 June 2023, ACM.10.1145/3594536.3595136 ↗
25. Borrella, I., and Ponce-Cueto, E. (2025). Design Principles and Impact of a Learning Analytics Dashboard: Evidence from a Randomized MOOC Experiment. Appl. Sci., 15.10.20944/preprints202509.1836.v1 ↗
26. Li, X., Wang, Y., and Zhang, Q. (2025). Enhancing Large Language Models for Specialized Domains: A Two-Stage Framework with Parameter-Sensitive LoRA Fine-Tuning and Chain-of-Thought RAG. Electronics, 14.10.3390/electronics14101961 ↗
27. Caldarini, G. (2022). A Literature Survey of Recent Advances in Chatbots. Information, 13.10.3390/info13010041 ↗
28. AutoTutor: An intelligent tutoring system with conversational dialogue
29. CourseAdvisor: A recommendation engine for course selection in higher education
30. Unveiling the barriers to digital transformation in higher education institutions: A systematic literature review10.1007/s44217-025-00430-9 ↗
31. Mayer, R.E. (2014). Intelligent tutoring systems. The Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.]. Chapter 16.10.1017/CBO9781139547369 ↗
32. Issa, S.H., Hasan, G., and Al Herz, J. (2024). AI-based SSS for education system. Proceedings of the 2024 International Conference on Advances in Computer Technology, Information Science and Engineering (ICACITE), Greater Noida, India, 14–15 May 2024, IEEE.10.1109/ICACITE60783.2024.10616488 ↗
33. A survey on imbalanced learning: Latest research and future challenges10.1007/s10462-024-10759-6 ↗
34. A survey of deep learning with class imbalance: Applications in medical imaging
35. A comprehensive analysis of Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) for handling class imbalance10.1016/j.ins.2019.07.070 ↗
36. SMOTE for learning from imbalanced data: Progress and challenges, marking the 15-year anniversary10.1613/jair.1.11192 ↗
37. García, S., Luengo, J., and Herrera, F. (2024). A review of SMOTE variants and their applications in imbalanced learning. Front. Digit. Health, 2.
38. Active learning for data streams: A survey10.1007/s10994-023-06454-2 ↗
39. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning in large language models: A survey10.1007/s10462-025-11236-4 ↗
40. Pre-trained language models for text generation: A survey10.1145/3649449 ↗
41. Survey of hallucination in large language models10.1145/3571730 ↗
42. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback in LLMs: Whose Culture, Whose Values, Whose Perspectives?10.1007/s13347-025-00861-0 ↗
43. AI for development: Implications for theory and practice10.1080/13600818.2021.1960960 ↗