The Use of Slag, Biochar, and Hydrochar as Potential Concrete Additives: Effects on Compressive Strength and Spalling Resistance Before and After Fire Exposure
Source abstract
Abstract
Cement production is a significant global source of CO2 emissions, leading to a demand for sustainable concrete alternatives. This study investigates the use of various additives to partially replace cement and assesses their effects on compressive strength and fire resistance, particularly spalling. Seven concrete mixes were tested for their initial and post-fire compressive strength, mass loss, and cracking. The cement-only reference mix (R1) achieved the highest initial strength (53.3 MPa) but experienced severe explosive spalling. In contrast, the mix with slag and polypropylene (PP) fibers (R4) offered the best balance, maintaining substantial strength after fire while completely preventing spalling. Biochar additions consistently lowered strength and increased spalling risk, whereas hydrochar notably enhanced spalling resistance, especially at higher replacement levels. The results demonstrate that sustainable additives, such as slag with PP fibers or high-dose hydrochar, can effectively improve fire safety and reduce cement use, though there is an initial trade-off in mechanical performance. Ultimately, choosing the optimal mix depends on whether environmental benefits, fire resistance, or structural strength is the highest priority.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline
Research context
OpenAlex topics: Fire effects on concrete materials · Flame retardant materials and properties · Concrete and Cement Materials Research
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, 651 88 Karlstad, Sweden
Building and Construction Techniques Engineering, Technical Engineering College–Mosul, Northern Technical University, Mosul 41001, Iraq
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