Multi-Objective Optimization of Steel Slag–Ceramsite Foam Concrete via Integrated Orthogonal Experimentation and Multivariate Analytics: A Synergistic Approach Combining Range–Variance Analyses with Partial Least Squares Regression
Source abstract
Abstract
This study aims to enhance the performance of an innovative steel slag–ceramsite foam concrete (SSCFC) to advance sustainable green building materials. An eco-friendly composite construction material was developed by integrating industrial by-product steel slag (SS) with lightweight ceramsite. Employing a three-factor, three-level orthogonal experimental design at a fixed density of 800 kg/m3, 12 mix proportions (including a control group) were investigated with the variables of water-to-cement (W/C) ratio, steel slag replacement ratio, and ceramsite replacement ratio. The governing mechanisms of the W/C ratio, steel slag replacement level, and ceramsite replacement proportion on the SSCFC’s fluidity and compressive strength (CS) were elucidated. The synergistic application of range analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) quantified the significance of factors on target properties, and partial least squares regression (PLSR)-based prediction models were established. The test results indicated the following significance hierarchy: steel slag replacement > W/C ratio > ceramsite replacement for fluidity. In contrast, W/C ratio > ceramsite replacement > steel slag replacement governed the compressive strength. Verification showed R2 values exceeding 65% for both fluidity and CS predictions versus experimental data, confirming model reliability. Multi-criteria optimization yielded optimal compressive performance and suitable fluidity at a W/C ratio of 0.4, 10% steel slag replacement, and 25% ceramsite replacement.
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Research context
OpenAlex topics: Building materials and conservation · Concrete and Cement Materials Research · 3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage
SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.
Affiliations
College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Building Structure and Earthquake Resistance, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
Funding
Fundamental Research Funds for Universities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region · National Natural Science Foundation of China · Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
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