journal article·2025-07-15Open access

Statistical Analysis of the Weight and Center-of-Gravity Position of an Empty Container Ship

Tadeusz Szelangiewicz, Katarzyna Żelazny

Applied Sciences· Volume 15· Issue 14

Abstract

For the correct execution of the preliminary design of a transport ship, among other things, approximate formulas enabling the calculation of the weight of the unladen ship and the location of the center of gravity are necessary. The aim of the conducted research was to develop approximate formulas for calculating the weight and center of gravity of an empty container ship with a size ranging from 270 TEU to 3100 TEU, depending on the basic design parameters: ship speed V, deadweight DWT, and number of TEU containers. Since the weight of an unladen container ship has a very large impact on the ship’s operating parameters, an additional aim was to obtain regression formulas with greater accuracy than similar formulas published in the literature. Simple and multiple regression methods were used to develop regression formulas. The obtained results were verified on the basis of experimentally measured parameters obtained from built ships. The regression formulas presented in this article are characterized by high accuracy, greater than that of similar formulas published in the literature, and were developed for container ships currently under construction. A novelty of this study is the development of regression formulas for weight classes, which make up the total weight of an unladen ship.
Source: crossref · Quality: baseline

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Ship Hydrodynamics and Maneuverability · Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

Affiliations

Faculty of Navigation, Maritime University of Szczecin, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland

References (39)

Show source-provided references
1. International Maritime Organization (2014). 2014 Guidelines on the Method of Calculation of the Attained Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for New Ship, IMO.
2. Szelangiewicz, T., and Żelazny, K. (2023). Reducing CO2 Emissions During the Operation of Unmanned Transport Vessels with Diesel Engines. Energies, 16.10.3390/en16124818 ↗
3. Lamb, T. (2003). Ship Design and Construction, The Society of Navel Architects and Marine Engineers.
4. Determination of Regression Formulas for Main Tanker Dimensions at the Preliminary Design Stage10.1080/17445302.2018.1498570 ↗
5. Prediction of Main Particulars of a Chemical Tanker at Preliminary Ship Design Using Artificial Neural Network10.1080/17445302.2018.1425337 ↗
6. Kristensen, H.O. (2013). Determination of Regression Formulas for Main Dimensions of Container Ships Based on IHS Fairplay Data, Technical University of Denmark.
7. Piko, G.P. (1980). Regression Analysis of Ship Characteristics. C.J. Thompson Commonwealth Government Printer.
8. Watson, D.G.M. (1961). Estimating Preliminary Dimensions in Ship Design, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland—Transactions.
9. Żelazny, K. (2015). Method for Determination of Service Speed Useful in the Initial Design of Cargo Vessels Under Statistical Weather Conditions Occurring on Shipping Route, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Publishing House.
10. Soultanias, I. (2014). Parametric Ship Design and Holistic Design Optimization of a 9000 TEU Container Carrier, National University of Athens.
11. A Novel Method for Holistic, Simulation Driven Ship Design Optimization Under Uncertainty in the Big Data Era10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107634 ↗
12. Cepowski, T., and Chorab, P. (2021). The Use of Artificial Neural Networks to Determine the Engine Power and Fuel Consumption of Modern Bulk Carriers, Tankers and Container Ships. Energies, 14.10.3390/en14164827 ↗
13. Szelangiewicz, T., Żelazny, K., Chądzyński, W., Bortnowska, M., Wilpiszewski, W., and Kaup, J. (2002). Baltecalogical Ship, Eureka Project–E!2772, Technical University of Szczecin.
14. Papanikolaou, A. (2014). Ship Design: Methodologies of Preliminary Design, Springer.10.1007/978-94-017-8751-2 ↗
15. Barrass, C.B. (2004). Ship Design and Performance for Masters and Mates, Elsevier B-H.
16. WÄRTSILÄ (2024, May 15). Encyclopedia of Marine and Energy Technology. Available online: http://www.wartsila.com/encyclopedia/term/lightship-mass.
17. Cheirdaris, S. (2023, January 10). Ship Weight Calculations, Lecture 9. Available online: https://docplayer.net/219942284-Lecture-9-ship-weight-calculations.html.
18. Völker, H. (1974). Entwerfen von Schiffen. Handbuch der Werfen, HANSA.
19. Strohbusch, E. (1971). Entwerfen von Schiffen I–IV. University Lecture Notes, Technical Unicersity.
20. Schneekluth, H. (1985). Ship Design, Koehler.
21. Papanikolaou, A., and Anastassopoulos, K. (2002). Ship Design and Outfitting I (Support Course Material), rev. 2, National Technical University of Athens.
22. Molland, A.F., Turnock, S.R., and Hudson, D.A. (2011). Ship Resistance and Propulsion. Practical Estimation of Ship Propulsive Power, Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511974113 ↗
23. Chądzyński, W., Kaup, J., and Wilpiszewski, W. (2005). Funkcjonalno-Przestrzenne Projektowanie Statków. Ćwiczenia Projektowe, Politechnika Szczecińska, Wydział Techniki Morskiej. (In Polish).
24. Friis, A.M., Andersen, P., and Jensen, J.J. (2002). Ship design (Part I & II). Section of Maritime Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark.
25. Watson, D. (1998). Practical Ship Design, Elsevier.
26. Watson, D.G.M., and Gilfillan, A.W. (1998). Some Ship Design Methods, Trans. RINA.
27. Henschke, W. (1964). Schiffbautechnisches Handbuch, VEB Technik. (In German).
28. Parson, M.G. (2002). Parametric Design, University of Michigan.
29. Benford, H. (1965). General Cargo Ship Economics and Design, The University of Michigan, Department of Natural Architecture and Marine Engineering.
30. The Practical Application of Economics to Merchant Ship Design
31. (2023, February 10). AVEVA™ E3D Design—AVEVA Documentation, AVEVA Group plc. Available online: https://docs.aveva.com/.
32. (2023, February 10). NAPA—Smart Solutions for the Maritime Industry. Available online: https://www.napa.fi/.
33. (2025, February 20). Sea-Web Ships. Available online: https://maritime.ihs.com.
34. Pawłowski, Z. (1976). Statystyka Matematyczna, PWN.
35. Comparison of Multiple Linear and Nonlinear Regression, Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, Artificial Neural Network, and Wavelet Artificial Neural Network Methods for Urban Water Demand Forecasting in Montreal, Canada10.1029/2010WR009945 ↗
36. Determination of Design Formulas for Container Ships at the Preliminary Design Stage Using Artificial Neural Network and Multiple Nonlinear Regression10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.109727 ↗
37. Regression Analysis for Container Ships in the Early Design Stage10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116499 ↗
38. Cepowski, T. (2021). ndCurveMaster, 8.2, SigmaLab Oprogramowanie Komputerowe. Available online: https://www.ndcurvemaster.com.
39. (Inclining Test Report, 1994). Inclining Test Report, B 186-DZ/0420–1, 1224 TEU Container Ship.