TSINet: A Semantic and Instance Segmentation Network for 3D Tomato Plant Point Clouds

Accurate organ-level segmentation is essential for achieving high-throughput, non-destructive, and automated plant phenotyping. To address the challenge of intelligent acquisition of phenotypic parameters in tomato plants, we propose TSINet, an end-to-end dual-task segmentation network designed for effective and precise semantic labeling and instance recognition of tomato point clouds, based on the Pheno4D dataset. TSINet adopts an encoder–decoder architecture, where a shared encoder incorporates four Geometry-Aware Adaptive Feature Extraction Blocks (GAFEBs) to effectively capture local structures and geometric relationships in raw point clouds. Two parallel decoder branches are employed to independently decode shared high-level features for the respective segmentation tasks. Additionally, a Dual Attention-Based Feature Enhancement Module (DAFEM) is introduced to further enrich feature representations. The experimental results demonstrate that TSINet achieves superior performance in both semantic and instance segmentation, particularly excelling in challenging categories such as stems and large-scale instances. Specifically, TSINet achieves 97.00% mean precision, 96.17% recall, 96.57% F1-score, and 93.43% IoU in semantic segmentation and 81.54% mPrec, 81.69% mRec, 81.60% mCov, and 86.40% mWCov in instance segmentation. Compared with state-of-the-art methods, TSINet achieves balanced improvements across all metrics, significantly reducing false positives and false negatives while enhancing spatial completeness and segmentation accuracy. Furthermore, we conducted ablation studies and generalization tests to systematically validate the effectiveness of each TSINet component and the overall robustness of the model. This study provides an effective technological approach for high-throughput automated phenotyping of tomato plants, contributing to the advancement of intelligent agricultural management.