journal article·2018-11Open access

The effects of microstructure and porosity on the competing fatigue failure mechanisms in powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V

Matthew K. Dunstan, James D. Paramore, Z. Zak Fang

Abstract

Abstract In near-net-shape manufacturing methods, such as powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and metal injection molding, porosity has historically been viewed as the sole limiting factor for fatigue life. This is because pores tend to act as stress concentrators. However, in this work, a fractographic analysis of Ti-6Al-4V produced through several powder metallurgy techniques has shown that microstructural faceting due to slip can cause fatigue failure, even in the presence of porosity. The likelihood of pore related failure was found to be dependent on microstructure size and morphology. Additionally, a minimum pore size threshold was found to exist for each microstructure, under which pores will not cause fatigue failure. A simple model was developed to determine this threshold based on the microstructural characteristics of the material. This model was then compared to experimental data and properly predicted the fatigue failure mechanism in over 99% of the samples examined.
Source: openaire · Quality: candidate unverified · Source record ↗

Research context

OpenAlex topics: Powder Metallurgy Techniques and Materials · Injection Molding Process and Properties · Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties

SciVX discovery tags are terminology-based. OpenAlex topics are source-provided classifications.

References (64)

Show source-provided references
1. 2012
2. Effect of inclusion on subsurface crack initiation and gigacycle fatigue strength10.1016/S0142-1123(02)00037-3 ↗
3. Predicting the total fatigue life in metals10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2008.12.008 ↗
4. Roles of microstructure in fatigue crack initiation10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2009.10.005 ↗
5. Dieter · 1988
6. Schijve · 1988
7. Fatigue-crack initiation and near-threshold crack growth
8. Mechanisms and theories of fatigue
9. Klensil · 1980 · 57
10. A constitutive equation for the S-N fatigue behavior of metal single crystals and validation by the physical definition of fatigue endurance limit10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.05.020 ↗
11. The physics of fatigue crack initiation10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2012.10.009 ↗
12. Influence of stress concentrations on the mechanical property – porosity correlation in porous materials10.1023/A:1006503524162 ↗
13. On the porosity dependence on the fracture strength of ceramics
14. Microstructural effects on high-cycle fatigue-crack initiation in A356.2 casting alloy10.1007/s11661-999-0306-3 ↗
15. Fatigue performance of high integrity cast aluminum components
16. Rutz · 1996 · 1
17. A dislocation model for fatigue crack initiation10.1115/1.3157599 ↗
18. Application of minimum energy formalism in a multiple slip band model for fatigue—I. Calculation of slip band spacings10.1016/0956-7151(91)90078-F ↗
19. Application of minimum energy formalism in a multiple slip band model for fatigue—II. Crack nucleation and derivation of a generalised Coffin-Manson law10.1016/0956-7151(91)90079-G ↗
20. A microstructure-based fatigue-crack-initiation model10.1007/s11661-003-0207-9 ↗
21. A theory on fatigue crack initiation at Inclusions.pdf
22. The effect of stress amplitude on the cause of fatigue crack initiation in a spring steel10.1016/0142-1123(93)90006-C ↗
23. Prediction of the competition between surface and internal fatigue crack initiation in PM alloys10.1111/j.1460-2695.1994.tb00219.x ↗
24. A probabilistic model for prediction of LCF surface crack initiation in PM alloys10.1111/j.1460-2695.1993.tb00125.x ↗
25. A probabilistic method for predicting fatigue life controlled by defects10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00772-2 ↗
26. High- and low-cycle fatigue crack initiation using polycrystal plasticity10.1098/rspa.2003.1258 ↗
27. Applicability of fracture mechanics to very small cracks in the early stage
28. Fatigue crack propagation of short cracks10.1115/1.3443647 ↗
29. Pathways to optimize performance/cost ratio of powder metallurgy titanium – a perspective10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.520.15 ↗
30. Fabrication of high-strength Ti materials by in-process solid solution strengthening of oxygen via P/M methods10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.058 ↗
31. Hydrogen sintering of titanium to produce high density fine grain titanium alloys10.1002/adem.201100269 ↗
32. Fang Z, Sun P, Paramore J, Wang H, Koopman M, Yang L. Powder Metallurgy Methods for the Production of Fine and Ultrafine Grain Ti and Ti Alloys. US Patent Appl. 14/152,787; 2014.
33. An experimental study of the (Ti-6Al-4V)–xH phase diagram using in situ synchrotron XRD and TGA/DSC techniques10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.045 ↗
34. Phase transformations and formation of ultra-fine microstructure during hydrogen sintering and phase transformation (HSPT) processing of Ti-6Al-4V10.1007/s11661-015-3141-8 ↗
35. Diffusion during powder metallurgy synthesis of titanium alloys10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.277.177 ↗
36. Ivasishin OM, Savvakin DG, Gumenyak MM, Bondarchuk OB. Role of Surface Contamination in Titanium PM 2012;520:121–32. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.520.121.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.520.121 ↗
37. Hydrogen-enabled microstructure and fatigue strength engineering of titanium alloys10.1038/srep41444 ↗
38. A powder metallurgy method for manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V with wrought-like microstructures and mechanical properties via hydrogen sintering and phase transformation (HSPT)10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.05.032 ↗
39. Powder metallurgy of titanium – past, present, and future
40. Mahajan · 1980 · 189
41. Cost-effective blended elemental powder metallurgy of titanium alloys for transportation application10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.188.55 ↗
42. Microstructure and properties of titanium alloys synthesized from hydrogenated titanium powders
43. A comparison of hydrogen sintering and phase transformation (HSPT) processing with vacuum sintering of CP-Ti10.1002/adem.201300017 ↗
44. Cao · 2015
45. Understanding competing fatigue mechanisms in powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V alloy: role of crack initiation and duality of fatigue response10.1016/j.msea.2015.02.028 ↗
46. New powder metallurgical approach to achieve high fatigue strength in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy10.1007/s11661-016-3409-7 ↗
47. Relationship · 2015
48. Reddoch · 1998 · 638
49. Gaseous isostatic forging: Design and application to powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2018.04.039 ↗
50. ASTM Standard E466. Standard Practice for Conducting Force Controlled Constant Amplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic Materials; 2015. doi: 10.1520/E0466-15.10.1520/E0466-15 ↗
51. ASTM Standard E647. Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates; 2015. doi: 10.1520/E0647-15.2.
52. Fatigue · 2016
53. Boyer · 1994
54. Pilchak AL, Bhattacharjee A, Williams REA, Williams JC. The Effect of Microstructure on Fatigue Crack Initiation in Ti-6Al-4V. Int. Conf. Fract., Ottawa, Canada; 2009.
55. Crystallography of fatigue crack initiation and growth in fully lamellar Ti-6Al-4V10.1007/s11661-009-0064-2 ↗
56. Influence of microstructure on high-cycle fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V: bimodal vs. lamellar structures10.1007/s11661-002-0160-z ↗
57. Dunstan · 2018
58. Quantitative evaluation of fatigue strength of metals containing various small defects or cracks10.1016/0013-7944(83)90018-8 ↗
59. Growth and stability of interacting surface flaws of arbitrary shape10.1016/0013-7944(83)90027-9 ↗
60. Stress intensity factors of an elliptical crack or a semi-elliptical crack subject to tension10.1007/BF00035496 ↗
61. Quantitative evaluation of effects of non-metallic inclusions on fatigue strength of high strength steels. I: Basic fatigue mechanism and evaluation of correlation between the fatigue fracture stress and the size and location of non-metallic inclusions10.1016/0142-1123(89)90054-6 ↗
62. Analysis of an arbitrarily shaped surface crack and stress field at crack front near surface10.1299/kikaia.51.1050 ↗
63. Limitations of pore-stress concentrations on the mechanical properties of porous materials10.1023/A:1018674713006 ↗
64. Pilkey · 2008